List of Lojban Root Words
le gi'uste

version 01436 (1994:09:26)

bacru [ba'u] utter

x1 utters verbally/says/phonates/speaks [vocally makes sound] x2
[also voices; does not necessarily imply communication or audience; ('says' is usually cusku)]; (cf. krixa, cusku, casnu, tavla, voksa, pinka)

badna [] banana

x1 is a banana/plantain [fruit/plant] of species/breed x2
(cf. grute)

badri [dri] sad

x1 is sad/depressed/dejected/[unhappy/feels sorrow/grief] about x2 (abstraction)
(cf. klaku, gleki, betri, cinmo, junri)

bajra [baj] run

x1 runs on surface x2 using limbs x3 with gait x4
(cf. cadzu, klama, litru, stapa, plipe, cpare)

bakfu [baf] bundle

x1 is a bundle/package/cluster/clump/pack [shape/form] containing x2, held together by x3
(cf. daski, dakli, tanxe)

bakni [bak] bovine

x1 is a cow/cattle/kine/ox/[bull/steer/calf] [beef-producer/bovine] of species/breed x2
(cf. danlu)

bakri [] chalk

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of chalk from source x2 in form x3
(cf. pinsi, blabi, jilka)

baktu [] bucket

x1 is a bucket/pail/can/deep, solid, wide-topped container of contents x2, made of material x3
(cf. botpi, patxu, tansi, lante, lanka)

balji [] bulb

x1 is a bulb [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: rounded, bulgy]
(cf. punli, batke)

balni [] balcony

x1 is a balcony/overhang/ledge/shelf of building/structure x2
(cf. kajna)

balre [ba'e] blade

x1 is a blade of tool/weapon x2
(cf. dakfu, tunta, tutci, guska, kinli, katna)

balvi [bav] future

x1 is in the future of/later than/after x2 in time sequence; x1 is latter; x2 is former
[also sequel, succeed, successor, follow, come(s) after; time ordering only (use lidne otherwise); aorist in that x1 may overlap in time with x2 as long as it extends afterwards; non-aorist future (= cfabalvi); (default x2 is the space time reference, whereupon:) x1 will occur]; (cf. lidne, cabna, purci, farna)

bancu [bac] beyond

x1 exceeds/is beyond limit/boundary x2 from x3 in property/amount x4 (ka/ni)
[on the other side of a bound, but not necessarily directly 'across' nor at the shortest plausible distance (per ragve); also not limited to position in space]; (cf. dukse, ragve, zmadu, kuspe)

bandu [bad] defend

x1 (event) defends/protects x2 (object/state) from threat/peril/potential x3 (event)
[also secures (verb); x1 wards/resists x3; protective cover/shield (= badgai)]; (cf. ckape, fanta, fapro, marbi, rivbi, zunti, snura, binra, lunbe, pulji)

banfi [] amphibian

x1 is an amphibian of species/breed x2
(cf. danlu, respa)

bangu [ban bau] language

x1 is a/the language/dialect used by x2 to express/communicate x3 (si'o/du'u, not quote)
[also tongue]; (cf. tance, cusku, ve tavla, valsi, gerna, jufra, natmi, slaka)

banli [bal ba'i] great

x1 is great/grand in property x2 (ka) by standard x3
[indicates a subjective greatness, as compared to the objective standard implied for barda; (synonyms, possibly requiring tanru:) extraordinary, illustrious, magnificent, impressive, awesome, grandiose, august, inspiring, special, majestic, distinguished, eminent, splendor, stately, imposing (all generally zabna); terrible (mabla)]; (cf. barda, nobli, se sinma, pluja, misno, vajni, fasnu, cizra, traji, mutce, se manci)

banro [ba'o] grow

x1 grows/expands [an increasing development] to size/into form x2 from x3
[also rising, developing; x1 gets bigger/enlarges/increases]; (cf. farvi, zenba, jmina, barda, makcu, ferti)

banxa [bax] bank

x1 is a bank owned by/in banking system x2 for banking function(s) x3 (event)
(cf. sorcu, zarci, canja, kagni)

banzu [baz] suffice

x1 (object) suffices/is enough/sufficient for purpose x2 under conditions x3
(cf. dukse, claxu, nitcu, ricfu, curmi)

bapli [bap bai] force

x1 [force] (ka) forces/compels event x2 to occur; x1 determines property x2 to manifest
[also constrains; requires success, unlike the physics term (better expressed by danre)]; (cf. fanta, rinju, jimte, jitro, rinka, krinu, zukte, randa, danre, cmavo list bai, marxa, tinsa, xarnu)

barda [bra] big

x1 is big/large in property/dimension(s) x2 (ka) as compared with standard/norm x3
(cf. banli, clani, ganra, condi, plana, cmalu, rotsu, banro, xanto)

bargu [bag] arch

x1 arches/curves over/around x2 and is made of x3; x1 is an arch over/around x2 of material x3
[also arc; x2 need not be an object, but may be a point or volume]; (cf. cripu, kruvi, korcu, condi)

barja [] bar

x1 is a tavern/bar/pub serving x2 to audience/patrons x3
(cf. gusta, birje, jikru, sanmi, vanju, xotli, ckafi, se pinxe)

barna [ba'a] mark

x1(s) is a/are mark(s)/spot(s) on x2 of material x3
[ba'armo'a for a pattern of marks]; (cf. sinxa, pixra, se ciska, se prina)

bartu [bar] out

x1 is on the outside of x2; x1 is exterior to x2
(cf. jibni, nenri, sruri, lamji, korbi, calku, vasru)

basna [] emphasize

x1 emphasizes/accentuates/gives emphasis/stress/accent to x2 by (action) x3
[also: say forcefully] (cf. pandi)

basti [bas] replace

x1 replaces/substitutes for/instead of x2 in circumstance x3; x1 is a replacement/substitute
[also: x1 trades places with x2]; (cf. cmavo list ba'i, binra)

batci [bat] bite

x1 bites/pinches x2 on/at specific locus x3 with x4
[bite through (= ka'arbatci, batygre); pinch (= cinzybatci)]; (cf. denci, jgalu, guska, citka)

batke [] button

x1 is a button/knob/[handle] on/for item x2, with purpose x3, made of material x4
(cf. jadni, balji, punji, jgari, lasna)

bavmi [] barley

x1 is a quantity of barley [grain] of species/strain x2
(cf. gurni)

baxso [] Malay-Indonesian

x1 reflects Malay-Indonesian common language/culture in aspect x2
(cf. meljo, bindo)

bebna [beb] foolish

x1 is foolish/silly in event/action/property [folly] (ka) x2; x1 is a boob
(cf. fenki, xajmi, prije, fliba)

bemro [bem be'o] North American

x1 reflects North American culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2
(cf. merko, kadno, xispo, mexno)

bende [bed be'e] crew

x1 is a crew/team/gang/squad/band of persons x2 directed/led by x3 organized for purpose x4
(x1 is a mass; x2 is a set completely specified); [also orchestra (= zgibe'e, balzgibe'e), outfit; x3 conductor; business, not necessarily incorporated (= cajbe'e, venbe'e)]; (cf. gunma, girzu, dansu, jatna, jitro, kagni, kamni, minde, ralju, cecmu, gidva)

bengo [beg] Bengali

x1 reflects Bengali/Bangladesh culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. xindo)

benji [bej be'i] transfer

x1 transfers/sends/transmits x2 to receiver x3 from transmitter/origin x4 via means/medium x5
[also possibly "sharing"; no (complete) alienation from origin is implied]; [x5 carrier]; (cf. muvdu, dunda, mrilu, nirna, xruti, cradi, tivni, preja, cmavo list be'i, bevri, mrilu, tcana)

bersa [bes be'a] son

x1 is a son of mother/father/parents x2 [not necessarily biological]
[also filial]; (cf. verba, nanla, nakni, nanmu, patfu, mamta, bruna, rirni, rorci, panzi, tixnu)

berti [ber] north

x1 is to the north/northern side [right-hand-rule pole] of x2 according to frame of reference x3
(cf. snanu, stici, stuna, farna)

besna [ben] brain

x1 is a/the brain [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: intelligence, mental control]
[also cerebral]; (cf. menli, stedu, rango, pensi)

betfu [bef be'u] abdomen

x1 is a/the abdomen/belly/lower trunk [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: midsection]
[also stomach (= djaruntyrango), digestive tract (= befctirango, befctirangyci'e)]; (cf. cutne, livga, canti)

betri [bet] tragedy

x1 is a tragedy/disaster/tragic for x2
(cf. badri, xlali, morsi, binra)

bevri [bev bei] carry

x1 carries/hauls/bears/transports cargo x2 to x3 from x4 over path x5; x1 is a carrier/[porter]
[alienation from x2 to x3 is implied]; (cf. marce, muvdu, benji, klama)

bi [biv] 8

digit/number: 8 (digit)

bi'i [biz] unordered interval

non-logical interval connective: unordered between ... and ... (rafsi represents any interval)

bidju [] bead

x1 is a bead/pebble [shape/form] of material x2
(cf. bolci, canre, lakse, dirgo)

bifce [bic] bee

x1 is a bee/wasp/hornet of species/breed x2
(cf. cinki, sfani, lakse)

bikla [bik] whip

x1 whips/lashes/snaps [a sudden violent motion]
(cf. skori, darxi)

bilga [big] obliged

x1 is bound/obliged to/has the duty to do/be x2 in/by standard/agreement x3; x1 must do x2
[also x3 frame of reference]; (cf. zifre, fuzme)

bilma [bi'a] ill

x1 is ill/sick/diseased with symptoms x2 from disease x3
(cf. kanro, mikce, spita, senci, kafke, binra)

bilni [bil] military

x1 is military/regimented/is strongly organized/prepared by system x2 for purpose x3
[also paramilitary; soldier in its broadest sense - not limited to those trained/organized as part of an army to defend a state (= bilpre)]; (cf. jenmi for a military force, sonci, ganzu, pulji)

bindo [bid] Indonesian

x1 reflects Indonesian culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. bindo, meljo, baxso)

binra [] insure

x1 insures/indemnifies x2 (person) against peril x3 (event) providing benefit(s) x4 (event)
[also x3 loss; sell/purchase insurance (= binryve'u), premium (= binrydi'a, or binryvelve'u)]; (cf. bandu, cirko, betri, basti, bilma)

binxo [bix bi'o] become

x1 becomes/changes/converts/transforms into x2 under conditions x3
[resultative, not-necessarily agentive, change]; (cf. cenba for non-resultative, galfi for agentive, stika for non-resultative, non-agentive change; zasni)

birje [] beer

x1 is made of/contains/is a amount of beer/ale/brew brewed from x2
(cf. pinxe, barja, jikru, vanju, xalka, fusra)

birka [bir] arm

x1 is a/the arm [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: branch with strength]
[also elbow (= bircidni), wrist (= xanterjo'e), appendage (but jimca, rebla preferred)]; (cf. jimca, janco, xance, rebla)

birti [bit] certain

x1 is certain/sure/positive/convinced that x2 is true
(cf. jetnu, jinvi, krici, djuno, senpi, sruma)

bisli [bis] ice

x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains ice [frozen crystal] of composition/material x2
[composition including x2, which need not be a complete composition]; (cf. kunra, runme, lenku, krili, bratu, snime, carvi)

bitmu [bim bi'u] wall

x1 is a wall/fence separating x2 and x3 (unordered) of/in structure x4
(cf. jbini, sepli, fendi, canko, drudi, kumfa, loldi, senta, snuji, pagre, gacri, kuspe, marbi, vorme)

blabi [lab] white

x1 is white/very-light colored [color adjective]
[pale forms of other colors are a compound of white; e.g. pink (= labyxu'e, xunblabi) (whereas kandi is used for pale = dimness, lack of intensity)]; (cf. skari, xekri, grusi, kandi, manku, carmi, bakri, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, narju, nukni, pelxu, xunre, zirpu)

blaci [] glass

x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains glass of composition including x2
(cf. kabri)

blanu [bla] blue

x1 is blue [color adjective]
(cf. skari, blabi, xekri, zirpu, kandi, carmi, cicna)

bliku [bli] block

x1 is a block [3-dimensional shape/form] of material x2, surfaces/sides x3
[x3 sides/surfaces should include number, size, and shape; also polyhedron (= pitybli having flat/planar sides/surfaces)], regular polyhedron (= kubybli, blikubli), brick (= kitybli); (cf. tapla, kubli, tanbo, canlu, kojna, sefta, bolci, kurfa, tarmi)

bloti [lot blo lo'i] boat

x1 is a boat/ship/vessel [vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3
(cf. falnu, fulta, marce, jatna, sabnu)

bo [bor] short scope link

short scope joiner; joins various constructs with shortest scope and right grouping

bolci [bol boi] ball

x1 is a ball/sphere/orb/globe [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a spherical object [made of x2]
[also round]; (cf. bliku, cukla, bidju, gunro)

bongu [bog bo'u] bone

x1 is a/the bone/ivory [body-part], performing function x2 in body of x3; [metaphor: calcium]
[x2 is likely an abstract: may be structure/support for some body part, but others as well such as the eardrum bones; the former can be expressed as (tu'a le ); cartilage/gristle (= ranbo'u), skeleton (= bogygreku)]; (cf. greku, denci, jirna, sarji)

botpi [bot bo'i] bottle

x1 is a bottle/jar/urn/flask/closable container for x2, made of material x3 with lid x4
(cf. baktu, lante, patxu, tansi, tanxe, vasru, gacri)

boxfo [bof bo'o] sheet

x1 is a sheet/foil/blanket [2-dimensional shape/form flexible in 3 dimensions] of material x2
(cf. plita, cinje, polje, slasi, tinci)

boxna [bon bo'a] wave

x1 is a wave [periodic pattern] in medium x2, wave-form x3, wave-length x4, frequency x5
(cf. slilu, dikni, cinje, polje, morna, canre)

bradi [] enemy

x1 is an enemy/opponent/adversary/foe of x2 in struggle x3
(cf. damba, jamna, darlu, pendo, fapro, gunta, sarji, jivna, jinga)

bratu [] hail

x1 is hail/sleet/freezing rain/solid precipitation of material/composition including x2
[this is the substance, not the act or manner of its falling, which is carvi]; (cf. carvi, snime, bisli, tcima)

brazo [raz] Brazilian

x1 reflects Brazilian culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. porto, ketco)

bredi [red bre] ready

x1 is ready/prepared for x2 (event)
(cf. spaji, jukpa)

bridi [bri] predicate

x1 (text) is a predicate relationship with relation x2 among arguments (sequence/set) x3
[also: x3 are related by relation x2 (= terbri for reordered places)]; (x3 is a set completely specified); (cf. sumti, fancu)

brife [bif bi'e] breeze

x1 is a breeze/wind/gale from direction x2 with speed x3; x1 blows from x2
(cf. tcima)

briju [bij] office

x1 is an office/bureau/work-place of worker x2 at location x3
(cf. jibri, gunka)

brito [rit] British

x1 reflects British/United Kingdom culture/nationality in aspect x2
(cf. glico, skoto, merko, ropno)

broda [rod] predicate var 1

1st assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure)
(cf. cmavo list bu'a)

brode [bo'e] predicate var 2

2nd assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure)

brodi [] predicate var 3

3rd assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure)

brodo [] predicate var 4

4th assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure)

brodu [] predicate var 5

5th assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure)

bruna [bun bu'a] brother

x1 is brother of/fraternal to x2 by bond/tie/standard/parent(s) x3; [not necess. biological]
(cf. mensi, tunba, tamne, famti, bersa)

bu [bus bu'i] word to lerfu

convert any single word to BY
(cf. cmavo list selma'o BY)

bu'a [bul] some selbri 1

logically quantified predicate variable: some selbri 1
(cf. broda, etc.)

budjo [buj bu'o] Buddhist

x1 pertains to the Buddhist culture/religion/ethos in aspect x2
(cf. latna, lijda)

bukpu [buk bu'u] cloth

x1 is an amount of cloth/fabric of type/material x2
(cf. mapni, matli, sunla, slasi, silka)

bumru [bum] fog

x1 is foggy/misty/covered by a fog/mist/vapor of liquid x2
(cf. djacu, carvi, danmo, lunsa, tcima, gapci)

bunda [bud] pound

x1 is x2 (def. 1) local weight unit(s) [non-metric], standard x3, subunits [e.g. ounces] x4
(additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. grake, junta, tilju, rupnu, fepni, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, kramu)

bunre [bur bu'e] brown

x1 is brown/tan [color adjective]
(cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi)

burcu [bru] brush

x1 is a brush for purpose x2 (event) with bristles x3
(cf. komcu, pinsi)

burna [] embarrassed

x1 is embarrassed/disconcerted/flustered/ill-at-ease about/under conditions x2 (abstraction)
(cf. cinmo)

ca'a [caz] actually is

modal aspect: actuality/ongoing event
(cf. cabna, cmavo list ca)

cabna [cab] now

x1 is current at/in the present of/during/concurrent/simultaneous with x2 in time
[(default x2 is the present resulting in:) x1 is now; time relationship only, 'aorist' claiming simultaneity does not mean one event does not extend into the past or future of the other] (cf. zvati, balvi, purci, cmavo list ca, cmavo list ca'a)

cabra [ca'a] apparatus

x1 is apparatus/mechanism/device/equipment for function x2 controlled/[triggered] by x3 (agent)
[form determined by/from function; does not imply automated/automatic action - requires an external agent/trigger (a minji may be a zmiku cabra if it requires an external agent to trigger or control the functions that it performs automatically)]; (cf. tutci, minji, finti; girzu, ganzu for organizational apparatus, pilno)

cacra [] hour

x1 is x2 hours in duration (default is 1 hour) by standard x3
(cf. junla, mentu, snidu, tcika, temci)

cadzu [dzu] walk

x1 walks/strides/paces on surface x2 using limbs x3
(cf. stapa, bajra, klama, litru)

cafne [caf] often

x1 (event) often/frequently/commonly/customarily occurs/recurs by standard x2
(cf. rirci, fadni, kampu, rapli, krefu, lakne, cmavo list piso'iroi and similar compounds)

cakla [] chocolate

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of chocolate/cocoa
(cf. ckafi)

calku [cak] shell

x1 is a shell/husk [hard, protective covering] around x2 composed of x3
(cf. pilka, skapi, gacri, bartu)

canci [] vanish

x1 vanishes/disappears from location x2; x1 ceases to be observed at x2 using senses/sensor x3
[also leaves, goes away (one sense)]; (cf. cliva, ganse, zgana, lebna, vimcu)

cando [cad] idle

x1 is idle/at rest/inactive
["in motion", not implying a change in location, is negation of this]; (cf. surla)

cange [cag] farm

x1 is a farm/ranch at x2, farmed by x3, raising/producing x4; (adjective:) x1 is agrarian
[also grange; farming is any organized agrarian activity, not limited to plant crops]; (cf. purdi, nurma, ferti, foldi, xarju)

canja [caj] exchange

x1 exchanges/trades/barters commodity x2 for x3 with x4; x1, x4 is a trader/merchant/businessman
[also (adjective:) x1, x2, x4 is/are commercial (better expressed as ka canja, kamcanja)]; x2/x3 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event (possibly service), or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posycanja for unambiguous semantics); (cf. dunda, friti, vecnu, zarci, jdini, pleji, jdima, jerna, kargu; see note at jdima on cost/price/value distinction, banxa, cirko, dunda, janta, kargu, prali, sfasa, zivle)

canko [ca'o] window

x1 is a window/portal/opening [portal] in wall/building/structure x2
(cf. vorme, bitmu, ganlo, murta, pagre, kevna, jvinu, kalri, kuspe)

canlu [cal ca'u] space

x1 is space/volume/region/room [at-least-3-dimensional area] occupied by x2
[also occupy (= selca'u)] (cf. kensa, bliku, kumfa, kevna, kunti, tubnu, dekpu)

canpa [cna] shovel

x1 is a shovel/spade [bladed digging implement] for digging x2
(cf. kakpa, guska, tutci)

canre [can] sand

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of sand/grit from source x2 of composition including x3
[also abrasive (= gukcanre)]; (cf. bidju, rokci, zalvi, boxna)

canti [] gut

x1 is a/the gut(s)/entrails/intestines/viscera/innards/digestive system [body-part] of x2
[metaphor: process hub]; (cf. betfu)

carce [] cart

x1 is a cart/carriage/wagon [wheeled vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3
(cf. karce, xislu, marce, matra)

carmi [cam cai] intense

x1 is intense/bright/saturated/brilliant in property (ka) x2 as received/measured by observer x3
[also lustrous, gleaming, sparkling, shining (all probably better metaphorically combined with gusni: gusycai or camgu'i); in colors, refers principally to increased saturation (with opposite kandi)]; (cf. denmi, gusni, kandi, ruble, skari, tilju, tsali, mutce, blabi, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, grusi, narju, nukni, pelxu, xekri, xunre, zirpu)

carna [car] turn

x1 turns/rotates/revolves around axis x2 in direction x3
[also revolve (= jincarna)]; (cf. gunro, jendu)

cartu [cat] chart

x1 is a chart/diagram/map of/about x2 showing formation/data-points x3
(cf. platu)

carvi [cav] rain

x1 rains/showers/[precipitates] to x2 from x3; x1 is precipitation [not limited to 'rain']
(cf. bratu, dilnu, santa, snime, tcima, bisli, bumru)

casnu [snu] discuss

x1(s) (mass normally, but 1 individual/jo'u possible) discuss(es)/talk(s) about topic/subject x2
[also chat, converse]; (cf. bacru, cusku, darlu, tavla)

catke [ca'e] shove

x1 [agent] shoves/pushes x2 at locus x3
[move by pushing/shoving (= ca'ermuvgau)]; (cf. danre for non-agentive force, lacpu)

catlu [cta] look

x1 looks at/examines/views/inspects/regards/watches/gazes at x2
[also look through (= grecta, ravycta, bacycta); note that English "look" often means a more generic "observe"]; (cf. jvinu, minra, simlu, viska, lanli, zgana, setca, viska)

catni [ca'i] authority

x1 has authority/is an official in/on/over matter/sphere/persons x2 derived on basis x3
(cf. turni, tutra, krati, cmavo list ca'i, jaspu, pulji)

catra [] kill

x1 (agent) kills/slaughters/murders x2 by action/method x3
(cf. morsi, xarci)

caxno [cax] shallow

x1 is shallow in extent in direction/property x2 away from reference point x3 by standard x4
(cf. condi, tordu, jarki, cinla, cmalu, jarki, jmifa)

ce [cec] in a set with

non-logical connective: set link, unordered; "and also", but forming a set
(cf. cmima, cmavo list ce'o)

ce'i [cez] percent

digit/number: % percentage symbol, hundredths
(cf. saclu, centi, parbi, frinu)

ce'o [ce'o] in a sequence with

non-logical connective: ordered sequence link; "and then", forming a sequence
(cf. porsi, cmavo list ce)

cecla [cel ce'a] launcher

x1 launches/fires/shoots projectile/missile x2, propelled by x3 [propellant/propulsion]
[also: x1 is a gun/launcher/cannon; x1 hurls/throws/casts (more general than renro in that propulsion need not be internal to x1)]; (cf. renro, danti, jakne, jbama, spoja)

cecmu [cem ce'u] community

x1 is a community/colony of organisms x2
(cf. bende, kulnu, natmi, tcadu, jecta, girzu)

cedra [] era

x1 is an era/epoch/age characterized by x2 (event/property/interval/idea)
(x2 interval should be the defining boundaries; if merely a characterizing period, the nature of the interval should be expressed in an abstract bridi, or the interval should be marked with tu'a; x2 may also be characteristic object(s) or practices of the era, if marked with tu'a); (cf. ranji, temci, citsi)

cenba [cne] vary

x1 varies/changes in property/quantity x2 (ka/ni) in amount/degree x3 under conditions x4
[non-resultative, not-necessarily agentive change]; (cf. cenba which is non-resultative, galfi which is resultative and agentive, stika which is non-resultative and agentive; stodi, zasni, binxo)

censa [ces] holy

x1 is holy/sacred to person/people/culture/religion/cult/group x2
(cf. cevni, krici, latna, pruxi, lijda, sinma)

centi [cen] .01

x1 is a hundredth [1/100; 1x10**-2] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

cerda [ced] heir

x1 is an heir to/is to inherit x2 (object/quality) from x3 according to rule x4
[pedantically, inheriting an object should be a sumti-raising (tu'a if non-abstract in x2) of inheriting loka ponse the object - the ownership of the object (= posycerda, posyselcerda for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. jgina)

cerni [cer] morning

x1 is a morning [dawn until after typical start-of-work for locale] of day x2 at location x3
[this morning (= cabdeicerni); tomorrow morning (= bavlamcerni); yesterday morning (= prulamcerni, prulamdeicerni)](cf. vanci, murse, tcika)

certu [cre] expert

x1 is an expert/pro/has prowess in/is skilled at x2 (event/activity) by standard x3
[also competent, skilled]; (cf. djuno, stati, kakne)

cevni [cev cei] god

x1 is a/the god/deity of people(s)/religion x2 with dominion over x3 [sphere]; x1 is divine
[also divinity; x2 religion refers to the religious community as a mass]; (cf. censa, krici, lijda, malsi)

cfari [cfa] initiate

x1 [state/event/process] commences/initiates/starts/begins to occur; (intransitive verb)
(cf. sisti, krasi, fanmo)

cfika [fik fi'a] fiction

x1 is a work of fiction about plot/theme/subject x2/under convention x2 by author x3
[also story, lie, untrue]; (cf. cukta, lisri, prosa, fatci, jitfa, jetnu, xanri)

cfila [cfi] flaw

x1 (property - ka) is a flaw/fault/defect in x2 causing x3
(cf. cikre, srera, fenra, fliba, prane)

cfine [] wedge

x1 is a wedge [shape/form/tool] of material x2
(cf. tutci)

cfipu [fi'u] confusing

x1 (event/state) confuses/baffles x2 [observer] due to [confusing] property x3 (ka)
(cf. pluja, cfipu, zunti)

ci [cib] 3

digit/number: 3 (digit)

ciblu [blu] blood

x1 is blood/vital fluid of organism x2
(cf. risna, flecu)

cicna [] cyan

x1 is cyan/turquoise/greenish-blue [color adjective]
(cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi, crino, blanu)

cidja [dja] food

x1 is food/feed/nutriment for x2; x1 is edible/gives nutrition to x2
(cf. citka, nitcu, pinxe, xagji, cpina)

cidni [cid] knee

x1 is a/the knee/elbow/knuckle [hinged joint, body-part] of limb x2 of body x3
[metaphor: a sharp bend/curve] (cf. korcu, jarco, jganu)

cidro [dro] hydrogen

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of hydrogen (H); [metaphor: light, flammable]
(cf. gapci, xukmi)

cifnu [cif] infant

x1 is an infant/baby [helpless through youth/incomplete development] of species x2
[also infantile]; (cf. makcu, verba)

cigla [cig] gland

x1 is a/the gland [body-part] secreting x2, of body x3; x2 is a secretion of x1
[secretion (= selcigla)]; (cf. vikmi, xasne)

cikna [cik] awake

(adjective:) x1 is awake/alert/conscious
(cf. sanji, sipna, tatpi)

cikre [] repair

x1 repairs/mends/fixes x2 for use x3
[a repair may be incomplete, fixing only one of the possible uses of x2, hence x3]; (cf. cfila, spofu)

ciksi [cki] explain

x1 (person) explains x2 (event/state/property) to x3 with explanation x4 (du'u)
[explanation x4 is an underlying mechanism/details/purpose/method for x2 (= velcki for reordered places), generally assumed to be non-obvious; metaphorical usage with the various causal relations (i.e. jalge, mukti, krinu, rinka, nibli, zukte) is possible, but the non-obviousness, and the existence of an explainer with a point of view makes this word not a simple expression of cause]; (cf. cipra, danfu, jalge, jinvi, krinu, mukti, nabmi, preti, rinka, sidbo, zukte, tavla)

cilce [cic] wild

(adjective:) x1 is wild/untamed
[tame (= tolcilce)]; (cf. pinfu, panpi, tarti)

cilmo [cim] moist

x1 is moist/wet/damp with liquid x2
(cf. litki, lunsa, sudga)

cilre [cli] learn

x1 learns x2 (du'u) about subject x3 from source x4 (obj./event) by method x5 (event/process)
(cf. ctuca, tadni, djuno, ckule)

cilta [cil] thread

x1 is a thread/filament/wire [shape/form] of material x2
(cf. fenso, nivji, skori, silka)

cimde [] dimension

x1 (property - ka) is a dimension of space/object x2 according to rules/model x3
(cf. morna, ckilu, merli, manri)

cimni [] infinite

x1 is infinite/unending/eternal in property/dimension x2, to degree x3 (quantity)/of type x3
[also everlasting, eternity, (= cimnytei), eternal (= cimnyteikai or temcimni)] (cf. vitno, renvi, munje, fanmo, sisti)

cinba [] kiss

x1 (agent) kisses/busses x2 at locus x3
(cf. ctebi)

cindu [] oak

x1 is an oak, a type of tree of species/strain x2
(cf. tricu)

cinfo [] lion

x1 is a lion/[lioness] of species/breed x2
(cf. mlatu)

cinje [cij] wrinkle

x1 is a wrinkle/crease/fold [shape/form] in x2
(cf. korcu, polje, boxfo, boxna)

cinki [] insect

x1 is an insect/arthropod of species x2; [bug/beetle]
(cf. civla, danlu, jalra, jukni, manti, sfani, toldi, bifce)

cinla [] thin

x1 is thin in direction/dimension x2 by standard x3; [relatively short in smallest dimension]
(cf. rotsu, jarki, tordu, cmalu, caxno, plana, jarki)

cinmo [cni] emotion

x1 feels emotion x2 (ka) about x3
[also mood/humor (= nuncni)]; (cf. cmavo list ci'o, cumla, jilra, nelci, xendo, ckeji, cortu, jgira, kecti, kufra, manci, prami, steba, zungi, badri, burna, gleki)

cinri [ci'i] interesting

x1 (abstraction) interests/is interesting to x2; x2 is interested in x1
[use x1 tu'a for non-specific interest in an object; interested in (= selci'i)]; (cf. zdile, kucli, manci, kurji)

cinse [cin] sexual

x1 in activity/state x2 exhibits sexuality/gender/sexual orientation x3 (ka) by standard x4
[also: x1 courts/flirts; x3 could be a ka[gender or role], ka[attraction to a gender], or ka[type of activity], etc.; (adjective:) x1 is sexual/sexy; x1 is flirted with/courted by x2 (= cinfriti, cinjikca)]; (cf. gletu, pinji, plibu, vibna, vlagi)

cinta [] paint

x1 [material] is a paint of pigment/active substance x2, in a base of x3
(cf. pixra, skari)

cinza [] tongs

x1 is a/are tong(s)/chopsticks/pincers/tweezers/pliers [tool/body-part] for x2 to pinch x3
(cf. tutci)

cipni [cpi] bird

x1 is a bird/avian/fowl of species x2
(cf. datka, gunse, jipci, nalci, pimlu, vofli, xruki, danlu)

cipra [cip] test

x1 (process/event) is a test for/proof of property/state x2 in subject x3 (individ./set/mass)
[also examination, proxy measure, validation; (a set in x3 must be completely specified)]; (cf. ciksi, troci, jarco, pajni, saske)

cirko [cri] lose

x1 loses person/thing x2 at/near x3; x1 loses property/feature x2 in conditions/situation x3
[x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event (rare for cirko), or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= po'ecri, posyselcri for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. facki, ralte, sisku, claxu, jinga, pleji, canja, sfasa, dapma, binra, mipri)

cirla [] cheese

x1 is a quantity of/contains cheese/curd from source x2
(cf. ladru)

ciska [ci'a] write

x1 inscribes/writes x2 on display/storage medium x3 with writing implement x4; x1 is a scribe
[also x3 writing surface]; (cf. papri, penbi, pinsi, tcidu, xatra, pixra, prina, finti for 'author' or specific authorial works, barna, pinka)

cisma [] smile

x1 smiles/grins (facial expression)
[smile/grin at something (= cismyfra)]; (cf. xajmi, cmila, frumu)

ciste [ci'e] system

x1 (mass) system interrelated by structure x2 among components x3 (set) displaying x4 (ka)
[x1 (or x3) is synergistic in x4; also network; x2 also relations, rules; x3 also elements (set completely specified); x4 systemic functions/properties] (cf. cmavo list ci'e, cmima, girzu, gunma, stura, tadji, munje, farvi, ganzu, judri, julne, klesi, morna, tcana)

citka [cti] eat

x1 eats/ingests/consumes (transitive verb) x2
(cf. cidja, pinxe, tunlo, xagji, xaksu, batci, gusta, kabri)

citno [cit ci'o] young

x1 is young/youthful [relatively short in elapsed duration] by standard x2
[also age (= nilnalci'o); (adjective:) x1 is junior]; (cf. cnino, slabu, verba)

citri [cir] history

x1 is a history of x2 according to x3 (person)/from point-of-view x3
[also historic/historical (= cirtermo'i, cirvai)]; (cf. muzga)

citsi [] season

x1 is a season/is seasonal [cyclical interval], defined by interval/property x2, of year(s) x3
[also anniversary (= citsydei, na'arcitsydei), jubilee (= mumnoncitsi); the period of time may be short or long as indicated by x2, and may occur every year or every nth year as indicated by x3 (default every year); (x2 and/or x3 may need metaphorical restriction: djecitsi, pavdeicitsi; also equinox, solstice, time of year]; (cf. cedra, crisa, critu, dunra, ranji, temci, vensa, jbena)

civla [civ] louse

x1 is a louse/flea [blood-sucking arthropod] of species/breed x2, parasitic on x3
(cf. cinki, jalra)

cizra [ciz] strange

x1 is strange/weird/deviant/bizarre/odd to x2 in property x3 (ka)
[also alien, mysterious, deviant, queer, unusual, exotic]; (cf. ranxi, rirci, fange, banli)

ckabu [] rubber

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of rubber/latex from source x2 of composition including x3
(cf. pruni)

ckafi [kaf] coffee

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of coffee from source/bean/grain x2
[brew based on a seed/bean/grain; e.g. also chicory coffee, decaf, postum] (cf. tcati, brewed from a leaf, barja, cakla)

ckaji [kai] quality

x1 has/is characterized by property/feature/trait/aspect/dimension x2 (ka); x2 is manifest in x1
[manifested/property/quality/trait/feature/aspect (= selkai)]; (cf. cmavo list kai, tcaci, tcini)

ckana [cka] bed

x1 is a bed/pallet of material x2 for holding/supporting x3 (person/object/event)
(cf. kamju, kicne, nilce, palta, cpana, vreta, jubme, stizu, matci, zbepi, palne, sarji)

ckape [cap] peril

x1 is perilous/dangerous/potentially harmful to x2 under conditions x3
[x1 is a danger/peril to x2]; (cf. te bandu, te kajde, te marbi, se snura, se xalni)

ckasu [cas] ridicule

x1 ridicules/mocks/scoffs at x2 about x3 (property/event) by doing activity x4 (event)
(cf. cmila)

ckeji [kej cke] ashamed

x1 feels ashamed/mortified/humiliated under conditions x2 before community/audience x3
(cf. cinmo)

ckiku [kik] key

x1 is a key fitting/releasing/opening/unlocking lock x2, and having relevant properties x3
[also x2 fastener, mechanism; code key (= termifckiku, kiktermifra); x3 is dependent on the type of key, but are those form properties of the key that enable it to serve the function of opening the lock - in the case of a metal key to a padlock, for example, this would be the shaft and teeth]; (cf. stela)

ckilu [ci'u] scale

x1 (si'o) is a scale of units for measuring/observing/determining x2 (state)
(cf. cmavo list ci'u, gradu, merli, cimde, manri)

ckini [ki'i] related

x1 is related to/associated with/akin to x2 by relationship x3
(cf. cmavo list ki'i, ponse, srana, steci, mapti, sarxe, fange)

ckire [kir] grateful

x1 is grateful/thankful to/appreciative of x2 for x3 (event/property)
[also gratitude (= nunckire or kamckire)]; (cf. cinmo, friti, pluka)

ckule [kul cu'e] school

x1 is school/institute/academy at x2 teaching subject(s) x3 to audien./commun. x4 operated by x5
[also college, university]; (cf. cilre, ctuca, tadni)

ckunu [ku'u] conifer

x1 is a conifer/pine/fir of species/strain x2 with cones x3
(cf. tricu)

cladu [lau] loud

x1 is loud/noisy at observation point x2 by standard x3
(cf. savru)

clani [cla] long

x1 is long in dimension/direction x2 (default longest dimension) by measurement standard x3
(cf. slabu, condi, ganra, rotsu, tordu, barda, ganra, gutci, minli, rotsu)

claxu [cau] without

x1 is without/lacking/free of/lacks x2; x1 is x2-less
(cf. cmavo list cau, cirko, kunti, nitcu, pindi, banzu)

clika [] mossy

x1 is a moss/lichen of species/strain x2 growing on x3; (adjective:) x1 is mossy
(cf. mledi)

clira [lir] early

x1 (event) is early by standard x2
(cf. lerci)

clite [lit] polite

x1 is polite/courteous/civil in matter x2 according to standard/custom x3
[also formal, ritual]; (cf. ritli)

cliva [liv li'a] leave

x1 leaves/goes away/departs/parts/separates from x2 via route x3
[also: x1 leaves behind/takes leave of x2]; (cf. litru. canci, vimcu, lebna, litru, muvdu)

clupa [cup] loop

x1 is a loop/circuit of x2 [material]
[also noose (= skoclupa, saljgeclupa; there is no indication of shape, but merely that the ends join/meet); closed curve defined by set of points (= cuptai)]; (cf. djine)

cmaci [] mathematics

x1 is a mathematics of type/describing x2
(cf. mekso)

cmalu [cma] small

x1 is small in property/dimension(s) x2 (ka) as compared with standard/norm x3
(cf. caxno, cinla, jarki, tordu, barda)

cmana [ma'a] mountain

x1 is a mountain/hill/mound/[rise]/[peak]/[summit]/[highlands] projecting from land mass x2
(cf. punli, derxi)

cmavo [ma'o] structure word

x1 is a structure word of grammatical class x2, with meaning/function x3 in usage (language) x4
[x4 may be a specific usage (with an embedded language place) or a massified language description; x3 and x4 may be merely an example of cmavo usage or refer to an actual expression; cmavo list, if physical object (= (loi) ma'oste); referring to the mental construct (e.g. propose adding a new cmavo to the cmavo list = ma'orpoi, ma'orselcmi, ma'orselste)]; (cf. gismu, lujvo, gerna, smuni, valsi)

cmene [cme me'e] name

x1 (quoted word(s)) is a/the name/title/tag of x2 to/used-by namer/name-user x3 (person)
[also: x2 is called x1 by x3 (= selcme for reordered places)]; (cf. cmavo list me'e, gismu, tcita, valsi, judri)

cmila [mi'a] laugh

x1 laughs (emotional expression)
[x1 laughs at x2 (= mi'afra)]; (cf. ckasu, frumu, xajmi, cisma)

cmima [mim cmi] member

x1 is a member/element of set x2; x1 belongs to group x2; x1 is amid/among/amongst group x2
[x1 may be a complete or incomplete list of members; x2 is normally marked by la'i/le'i/lo'i, defining the set in terms of its common property(ies), though it may be a complete enumeration of the membership]; (cf. ciste, porsi, jbini, girzu, gunma, klesi, cmavo list mei, kampu, lanzu, liste)

cmoni [cmo co'i] moan

x1 utters moan/groan/howl/scream [non-linguistic utterance] x2 expressing x3 (property)
[also shriek, most animal sounds, e.g. bark, cackle, meow, neigh, moo, honk, baa, crow] (cf. krixa, bacru, cusku, cortu)

cnano [na'o] norm

x1 [value] is a norm/average in property/amount x2 (ka/ni) among x3(s) (set) by standard x4
[also mean, normal, usual; (x3 specifies the complete set)]; (cf. tcaci, fadni, kampu, lakne, tarti, rirci)

cnebo [neb ne'o] neck

x1 is a/the neck [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: a relatively narrow point]
(cf. galxe, cutne)

cnemu [nem ne'u] reward

x1 (agent) rewards x2 [recipient] for atypical x3 (event/property) with reward/desserts x4
[differs from earned payment because of atypical nature; rewards need not be positive but are in some sense deserved from the point of view of the rewarder: positive reward (= zanyne'u), punishment, penalty, demerit (= malne'u, sfane'u); x4 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posne'u, posyvelne'u for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. dunda, friti, jerna, jinga, jivna, pleji, sfasa, venfu, prali, dapma)

cnici [nic] orderly

x1 is orderly/neat/ordered in property/quantity x2 (ka/ni)
(cf. cunso, kalsa)

cnino [nin ni'o] new

x1 is new/unfamiliar/novel to observer x2 in feature x3 (ka) by standard x4; x1 is a novelty
(cf. nuzba, slabu, citno, se djuno)

cnisa [nis] lead

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of lead (Pb); [metaphor: heavy, malleable, soft metal]
(cf. jinme, tinci)

cnita [nit ni'a] beneath

x1 is directly/vertically beneath/below/under/underneath/down from x2 in frame of reference x3
[also underside, nether]; (cf. dizlo, gapru, galtu, farna, loldi)

co [col] tanru inversion

tanru inversion operator; "... of type ..."; allows modifier trailing sumti without sumti links

co'a [co'a] initiative

interval event contour: at the starting point of ...; initiative >|< |
[beginning (= co'a(r)-)]; (cf. cfari, krasi, clira)

co'e [com co'e] unspecif bridi

elliptical/unspecified bridi relationship

co'u [co'u] cessative

interval event contour: at the ending point of ... even if not done; cessative | >< |
[ending (= co'u(r)-)]; (cf. sisti, fanmo)

cokcu [cko] soak up

x1 soaks up/absorbs/sucks up x2 from x3 into x4; x1 is an absorbant
(cf. panje, sakci, lacpu)

condi [con cno coi] deep

x1 is deep in extent in direction/property x2 away from reference point x3 by standard x4
(cf. clani, caxno, bargu, ganra, rotsu, barda, gutci, minli)

cortu [cor cro] pain

x1 hurts/feels pain/hurt at locus x2
(cf. cinmo, xrani)

cpacu [cpa] get

x1 gets/procures/acquires/obtains/accepts x2 from source x3 [previous possessor not implied]
[also fetch; accept a gift (= seldu'acpa)]; (cf. punji, lebna, vimcu)

cpana [] upon

x1 is upon/atop/resting on/lying on [the upper surface of] x2 in frame of reference/gravity x3
(x1 may be object or event); (cf. se vasru, jbini, zvati, nenri, vreta, ckana, diklo, jibni, lamji, zutse, punji for lay upon, sarji, zbepi)

cpare [par] climb

x1 climbs/clambers/creeps/crawls on surface x2 in direction x3 using x4 [limbs/tools]
(cf. klama, litru, bajra, farlu, plipe)

cpedu [cpe] request

x1 requests/asks/petitions/solicits for x2 of/from x3 in manner/form x4
[also demand (= mi'ecpe); x4 is a means of expression (cf. ve cusku): a request may be indicated in speech, in writing, or by an action (e.g. petitions are often in writing, while begging/panhandling may be indicated by an action or even demeanor)]; (cf. pikci, te preti, te frati, se spuda, danfu)

cpina [] pungent

x1 is pungent/piquant/peppery/spicy/irritating to sense x2
[also prickly (= pecycpina)]; (cf. vrusi, kukte, cidja, panci, sumne)

cradi [] radio

x1 broadcasts/transmits [using radio waves] x2 via station/frequency x3 to [radio] receiver x4
[also x1 is a broadcaster]; (cf. tivni, benji, tcana)

crane [cra] front

x1 is anterior/ahead/forward/(in/on) the front of x2 which faces/in-frame-of-reference x3
[also: x3 is the standard of orientation for x2] (cf. sefta, flira, trixe, mlana, pritu, zunle)

creka [cek] shirt

x1 is a shirt/blouse/top [upper-body garment - not necessarily sleeved or buttoned], material x2
(cf. taxfu)

crepu [rep] harvest

x1 (agent) harvests/reaps/gathers crop/product/objects x2 from source/area x3
(cf. critu, sombo, jmaji)

cribe [rib] bear

x1 is a bear/ursoid of species/breed x2
(cf. danlu, mabru)

crida [rid] fairy

x1 is a fairy/elf/gnome/brownie/pixie/goblin/kobold [mythical humanoid] of mythos/religion x2
[also orc, giant, demon or devil (when humanoid-form is presumed by the mythos/religion), bugbear, bogeyman]; (cf. ranmi, especially for non-humanoid creatures of myth, lijda)

crino [ri'o] green

x1 is green/verdant [color adjective]
(cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi, cicna)

cripu [rip] bridge

x1 is a bridge/span over/across x2 between x3 and x4 [unordered, typically destination first]
(cf. bargu, kruca, ragve, kuspe)

crisa [cis] summer

x1 is summer/summertime [hot season] of year x2 at location x3
(cf. citsi, critu, dunra, vensa)

critu [] autumn

x1 is autumn/fall [harvest/cooling season] of year x2 at location x3
(cf. citsi, crisa, dunra, vensa, crepu)

ctaru [] tide

x1 is a tide [cyclical/periodic expansion] in x2 caused by x3
(cf. xamsi)

ctebi [teb] lip

x1 is a/the lip [body-part]/rim of orifice x2 of body x3; (adjective:) x1 is labial
(cf. moklu, korbi, cinba)

cteki [tek ce'i] tax

x1 is a tax/levy/duty on goods/services/event x2 levied against x3 by authority/collector x4
[also custom, toll, tariff, tribute] (cf. pleji, flalu, turni)

ctile [] petroleum

x1 is a quantity of petroleum/oil from source x2
(cf. grasu)

ctino [ti'o] shadow

x1 is a shadow/the shade of object x2, made by light/energy source x3
(cf. manku, gusni)

ctuca [ctu] teach

x1 teaches audience x2 ideas/methods/lore x3 (du'u) about subject(s) x4 by method x5 (event)
[also instruct, instructor, educate, educator, teacher, professor, pedagogue; (adjective:) x1/x5 is pedagogical]; (cf. ckule, cilre, tadni)

cukla [cuk] round

x1 is round/circular [2-dimensional shape/form]; x1 is a disk/circle/ring
[normally used for a filled-in circle/disk, but emphasis on roundness means that the concept may include 'ring']; (cf. djine, ranji, bolci, tarmi)

cukta [cku] book

x1 is a book containing work x2 by author x3 for audience x4 preserved in medium x5
[x1 is a manifestation/container [a physical object or its analogue] of a work/content, not necessarily using paper (= selpapri)]; (cf. cfika, prina, prosa, tcidu, papri)

culno [clu] full

x1 is full/completely filled with x2
(cf. tisna, kunti, mulno, setca, tisna)

cumki [cum cu'i] possible

x1 (event/state/property) is possible under conditions x2; x1 may/might occur; x1 is a maybe
[also possibility]; (cf. lakne, cumki)

cumla [cul] humble

x1 is humble/modest about x2 (abstraction); x1 displays humility about x2
(cf. cinmo, jgira)

cunmi [] millet

x1 is a quantity of millet [grain] of species/strain x2
(cf. gurni)

cunso [cun cu'o] random

x1 is random/fortuitous/unpredictable under conditions x2, with probability distribution x3
[also accidental, chancy, by chance, adventitious, arbitrary (also = cuncu'a, cunselcu'a, cunjdi, cunseljdi; based on "unpredictable")]; (cf. cnici, lakne, funca, kalsa, snuti)

cuntu [cu'u] affair

x1 is an affair/organized activity involving person(s) x2 (ind./mass); x1 is x2's business
[also matter, concern; x2 is engaged in x1 (which is usually an abstraction) (= selcu'u for reordered places)] (cf. jikca, srana)

cupra [pra] produce

x1 produces x2 [product] by process x3
(cf. zbasu, farvi, gundi, jukpa)

curmi [cru] let

x1 (agent) lets/permits/allows x2 (event) under conditions x3; x1 grants privilege x2
[sufficient condition (= crutcini), agent that permits a situation (= tcinycru)]; (cf. rinju, banzu, ralte, jimte, jaspu, zifre)

curnu [cur] worm

x1 is a worm/invertebrate animal of species/breed x2
[also mollusk, snail (= cakcurnu), shellfish (= xaskemcakcurnu, xaskemcakydja); the generalization to invertebrate is because almost all multicellular invertebrates are indeed wormlike]; (cf. since, silka)

curve [cuv] pure

x1 is pure/unadulterated/unmitigated/simple in property x2 (ka)
[x1 is simply/purely/unmitigatedly/solely x2]; (cf. prane, jinsa, manfo, sampu, sepli, traji, lumci, xukmi)

cusku [cus sku] express

x1 (agent) expresses/says x2 (sedu'u/text/lu'e concept) for audience x3 via expressive medium x4
[also says]; (cf. bacru, tavla, casnu, spuda, cmavo list cu'u, bangu, dapma, jufra, pinka)

cutci [cuc] shoe

x1 is a shoe/boot/sandal for covering/protecting [feet/hooves] x2, and of material x3
[also boot (= tupcutci)]; (cf. smoka, taxfu, skiji)

cutne [cut] chest

x1 is a/the chest/thorax/upper trunk/[rib cage/breast] [body-part] of x2
(cf. cnebo, betfu, xadni, tanxe)

cuxna [cux cu'a] choose

x1 chooses/selects x2 [choice] from set/sequence of alternatives x3 (complete set)
[also prefer (= nelcu'a)]; (cf. jdice, pajni, nelci)

da [dav dza] something 1

logically quantified existential pro-sumti: there exists something 1 (usually restricted)

da'a [daz] all except

digit/number: all except n; all but n; (default 1)

dacru [dac] drawer

x1 is a drawer/file in structure x2, a [sliding compartment] container for contents x3
(cf. nilce, tanxe)

dacti [dai] object

x1 is a material object enduring in space-time; x1 is a thing
(cf. marji, xanri)

dadjo [daj] Taoist

x1 pertains to the Taoist culture/ethos/religion in aspect x2
(cf. lijda, jegvo)

dakfu [dak] knife

x1 is a knife (tool) for cutting x2, with blade of material x3
(cf. denci, balre, katna, tunta, forca, smuci, kinli)

dakli [] sack

x1 is a sack/bag with contents x2, and of material x3
(cf. daski for pouch, bakfu)

damba [dab da'a] fight

x1 fights/combats/struggles with x2 over issue x3 (abstract); x1 is a fighter/combatant
[use x3 tu'a for fight over an object/objective]; (cf. bradi, gunta, talsa, darlu, fapro, jamna, sonci)

damri [] drum

x1 is a drum/cymbal/gong [percussion musical instrument] with beater/actuator x2
(cf. rilti, zgike)

dandu [dad] hang

x1 hangs/dangles/is suspended from x2 by/at/with joint x3
[pendant (= dadja'i); also dependent (original meaning)] (cf. lasna, jorne)

danfu [daf] answer

x1 is the answer/response/solution/[reply] to question/problem x2
(cf. ciksi, frati, preti, nabmi, spuda for agentive response/reply, cpedu)

danlu [dal da'u] animal

x1 is an animal/creature of species x2; x1 is biologically animate
(cf. banfi, cinki, cipni, finpe, jukni, respa, since, mabru, bakni)

danmo [dam] smoke

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of smoke/smog/air pollution from source x2
[x2 may be a fire]; (cf. pulce, gapci, sigja, bumru)

danre [da'e] pressure

x1 (force) puts pressure on/presses/applies force to x2
[agentive press/depress (= da'ergau, da'erzu'e)]; (cf. catke, bapli, prina, tinsa)

dansu [] dance

x1 (individual, mass) dances to accompaniment/music/rhythm x2
(cf. bende, zgike, zajba)

danti [dan] projectile

x1 is a ballistic projectile [e.g. bullet/missile] for firing by [gun/propelling launcher] x2
[also cannonball, catapult stone, shot pellet(s)]; (cf. cecla, renro, jakne)

daplu [plu] island

x1 is an island/atoll/key of [material/properties] x2 in surroundings/body x3; x1 is insular
(cf. lalxu, rirxe, xamsi, dirgo)

dapma [dap] curse

x1 curses/damns/condemns x2 to fate (event) x3
[curse with a specific expression (= dapsku)]; (cf. mabla, dimna, cnemu, sfasa, dunda, cusku, cirko, jdima)

dargu [dag] road

x1 is a road/highway to x2 from x3 with route x4 (x2/x3 may be unordered)
[a regularly used, improved-for-use surface for travelling]; (cf. naxle, tcana, pluta, klaji)

darlu [dau] argue

x1 argues for stand x2 against stand x3; [an opponent is not necessary]
(cf. fapro, jamna, sarji, talsa, sumti, tugni, casnu, damba, bradi, tavla)

darno [dar da'o] far

x1 is far/distant from x2 in property x3 (ka)
(cf. jibni)

darsi [] audacity

x1 shows audacity/chutzpah in behavior x2 (event/activity); x1 dares to do/be x2 (event/ka)
[x1 is bold]; (cf. virnu)

darxi [dax da'i] hit

x1 hits/strikes/[beats] x2 with instrument [or body-part] x3 at locus x4
(cf. bikla, gunta, jenca, tunta, tikpa, janli, jgari, pencu)

daski [] pocket

x1 is a pocket/pouch of/in garment/item x2
(cf. dakli, taxfu, bakfu)

dasni [das] wear

x1 wears/is robed/garbed in x2 as a garment of type x3
[x2 need not be intended for use as a garment (unlike taxfu)]; (cf. taxfu)

daspo [spo] destroy

x1 (event) destroys/ruins/wrecks/despoils x2; x1 is destructive
(cf. spofu, xrani, marxa, zalvi, xaksu)

dasri [sri] ribbon

x1 is a ribbon/tape/strip/band/stripe of material x2
(cf. djine)

datka [] duck

x1 is a duck/[drake] of species/breed x2
(cf. cipni)

datni [] data

x1 (du'u) [fact/measurement] is data/information/statistic(s) about x2 gathered by method x3
[evidence (= velji'i datni or just velji'i, sidydatni)] (cf. fatci, saske, vreji)

decti [dec] .1

x1 is a tenth [1/10; 1x10**-1] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

degji [deg] finger

x1 is a/the finger/digit/toe [body-part] on limb/body site x2 of body x3; [metaphor: peninsula]
[finger (= xandegji), toe (= jmadegji)]; (cf. nazbi, tamji, tance, xance),

dejni [dej] owe

x1 owes x2 in debt/obligation to creditor x3 in return for x4 [service, loan]; x1 is a debtor
(cf. jbera, janta, zivle)

dekpu [] gallon

x1 is x2 (default 1) local volume unit(s) [non-metric; e.g. bushel], standard x3, x4 subunits
[gallon (= likydekpu), quart (= likseldekpu), barrel (wet = likybradekpu, dry = sudbradekpu), bushel (= sudydekpu), peck (= sudyseldekpu), cupful (= kabrydekpu), tablespoon (= mucydekpu); teaspoon (= mucyseldekpu); (all of these lujvo may need gic- to distinguish the English measurement system in contrasting with some local system; the English system is otherwise presumed to be the default non-metric system)]; (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. canlu, litce, rupnu, fepni, gutci, minli, merli, bunda, kramu)

dekto [dek] 10

x1 is ten [10; 1*10**1] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

delno [del de'o] candela

x1 is x2 candela [metric unit] in luminosity (default is 1) by standard x3
(cf. centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

dembi [deb] bean

x1 is a bean/pea/leguminous seed from plant [legume] x2
(cf. grute, sobde, tsiju)

denci [den de'i] tooth

x1 is a/the tooth [body-part] of x2; (adjective:) x1 is dental
(for metaphor: see dakfu, pagre, jgalu); (cf. moklu, dakfu, pagre, jgalu, batci, bongu)

denmi [dem] dense

x1 is dense/concentrated/packed/intense in property x2 (ka) at location/locus x3
(cf. carmi, midju, viknu)

denpa [dep de'a] wait

x1 awaits/waits/pauses for/until x2 at state x3 before starting/continuing x4 (activity/process)
[(x2 is an event, usually a point event); also: resuming x4]; (cf. dicra, fanmo, sisti, fliba, pandi)

dertu [der de'u] dirt

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of dirt/soil/earth/ground from source x2 of composition x3
[also: x1 is earthen; x3: composition including x3, which need not be exhaustive of composition]; (cf. kliti, terdi, loldi)

derxi [dre] heap

x1 is a heap/pile/stack/mound/hill of materials x2 at location x3
(cf. cmana)

desku [des] shake

x1 shakes/quakes/trembles/quivers/shudders/wobbles/vibrates from force x2
[also (expressible either with desku or slilu): side to side, to and fro, back and forth, reciprocal motion]; (cf. slilu, janbe)

detri [det] date

x1 is the date [day,{week},{month},year] of event/state x2, at location x3, by calendar x4
(time units in x1 are specified as numbers separated by pi'e or are unit values massified with joi); (cf. cmavo list de'i, djedi, jeftu, masti, nanca, tcika)

dicra [dir] interrupt

x1 (event) interrupts/stops/halts/[disrupts] x2 (object/event/process) due to quality x3
[also disturbs (one sense)]; (cf. zunti, fanza, raktu, denpa)

dikca [dic] electric

x1 is electricity [electric charge or current] in/on x2 of polarity/quantity x3 (def. negative)
[(x3, a quantifier, can be expressed as a simple polarity using the numerals for positive and negative ma'u and ni'u); (explicitly) negative (= dutydikca), positive (= mardikca); current (= (sel)muvdikca; again default negative/electron current), charge (= klodikca, stadikca)]; (cf. lindi, xampo, flecu, maksi, tcana)

diklo [klo] local

x1 is local to x2; x1 is confined to locus x2 within range x3
[indicates a specific location/value within a range; e.g. a hits b. What is the locality on b that a hits? Thus x1 is associated with a specific narrow region/interval x2 of wider space/range x3]; (cf. cmavo list di'o, jibni, zvati, cpana, nenri, lamji, stuzi, tcila)

dikni [dik] regular

x1 is regular/cyclical/periodic in property (ka)/activity x2 with period/interval x3
[also uniform; resonant (= dikslicai)]; (cf. slilu, rilti, xutla, manfo, boxna)

dilcu [] quotient

x1 is a quotient of 'x2/x3' [dividend x2 divided by divisor x3], leaving remainder x4
(cf. frinu, fendi, katna, parbi, mekso)

dilnu [dil] cloud

x1 is a cloud of material x2 in air mass x3 at floor/base elevation x4
(cf. carvi, tcima)

dimna [dim] fate

x1 is a fate/destiny of x2; [doom, curse are mabla-forms]; x2 is fated/predestined/doomed to x1
[fated/destined/doomed (= seldimna)]; (cf. dapma)

dinju [dij di'u] building

x1 is a building/edifice for purpose x2
(cf. ginka, zdani, zarci)

dinko [di'o] nail

x1 is a nail/tack [pointed driven/frictional fastener] of type/size x2 (ka), made of material x3
(x2 also can be ni abstraction); (cf. pijne, lasna)

dirba [dib] dear

x1 is dear/precious/darling to x2; x1 is emotionally valued by x2
[x1 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydirba for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. tcika, kargu, vamji, vajni, pleji, jadni, jemna)

dirce [di'e] radiate

x1 radiates/emits x2 under conditions x3
(cf. gusni)

dirgo [dig] drop

x1 is a drop [small, cohesive shape] of material [liquid/vapor] x2 in surrounding material x3
(cf. daplu, bidju)

dizlo [diz dzi] low

x1 is low/down/downward in frame of reference x2 as compared with baseline/standard height x3
[also lower; x3 is generally some defined distance above a zero point/baseline, or is that baseline itself]; (cf. cnita, galtu, gapru, farna, loldi)

djacu [jac jau] water

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity/expanse of water; (adjective:) x1 is aqueous/[aquatic]
[aquatic (= jaupli)]; (cf. lalxu, rirxe, xamsi, limna, litki, lumci, bumru, jinto)

djedi [dje dei] full day

x1 is x2 full days in duration (default is 1 day) by standard x3; (adjective:) x1 is diurnal
[today (= cabdei); tomorrow (= bavlamdei); yesterday (= prulamdei)]; (cf. donri, detri, jeftu, masti, nanca, nicte, tcika)

djica [dji] desire

x1 desires/wants/wishes x2 (event/state) for purpose x3
[if desire is for an object, this is sumti-raising; use tu'a in x2 (or use lujvo = po'edji)]; (cf. taske, xagji, mukti, nitcu, nelci, pacna, prami, rigni, trina, xebni, xlura)

djine [jin] ring

x1 is a ring/annulus/torus/circle [shape/form] of material x2, inside diam. x3, outside diam. x4
[also ellipse, oval (= jincla); (usage has been for near-circles, such as tight spirals, even if not closed loops)]; [also band, belt, encircle (= jinsru)]; (cf. clupa, cukla, dasri, karli, sovda, sruri, konju)

djuno [jun ju'o] know

x1 knows fact(s) x2 (du'u) about subject x3 by epistemology x4
[words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place; know how to - implying knowledge of method but not necessarily having the ability to practice (= tadjyju'o)] (cf. know/familiar with: se slabu, na'e cnino, na'e fange; cmavo list du'o, cilre, certu, facki, jijnu, jimpe, senpi, smadi, kakne, birti, mipri, morji, saske, viska)

do [don doi] you

pro-sumti: you listener(s); identified by vocative

donri [dor do'i] daytime

x1 is the daytime of day x2 at location x3; (adjective:) x1 is diurnal (vs. nocturnal)
(cf. nicte, djedi, tcika)

dotco [dot do'o] German

x1 reflects German/Germanic culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. ropno)

draci [] drama

x1 is a drama/play about x2 [plot/theme/subject] by dramatist x3 for audience x4 with actors x5
[x2 may also be a convention] (cf. finti, cukta, lisri, cfika)

drani [dra] correct

x1 is correct/proper/right/perfect in property/aspect x2 (ka) in situation x3 by standard x4
(cf. srera, mapti)

drata [dat] other

x1 isn't the-same-thing-as/is different-from/other-than x2 by standard x3; x1 is something else
(cf. mintu, frica)

drudi [rud dru] roof

x1 is a roof/top/ceiling/lid of x2
(cf. bitmu, stedu, galtu, gapru, loldi, marbi, gacri, mapku; a drudi is (designed to be) over/above something and shelters it from other things above the drudi, mapku)

du [dub du'o] same identity as

identity selbri; = sign; x1 identically equals x2, x3, etc.; attached sumti refer to same thing
[It is very un-Lojbanic to translate the generic English copula 'is' by this word]; (cf. mintu)

du'u [dum] bridi abstract

abstractor: predication/bridi abstractor; x1 is predication [bridi] expressed in sentence x2
(cf. mintu, dunli)

dugri [dug] logarithm

x1 is the logarithm of x2 with base x3
(cf. tenfa)

dukse [dus du'e] excess

x1 is an excess of/too much of x2 by standard x3
[cloying (= maldu'e, tolpu'adu'e)]; (cf. bancu, banzu, ricfu, zmadu)

dukti [dut] opposite

x1 is polar opposite from/contrary to x2 in property/on scale x3 (property/si'o)
(cf. ranxi, ragve, fatne)

dunda [dud du'a] give

x1 [donor] gives/donates gift/present x2 to recipient/beneficiary x3 [without payment/exchange]
[also grants; x3 is a receiver (= terdu'a for reordered places); the Lojban doesn't distinguish between or imply possession transfer or sharing; x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydu'a, posyseldu'a for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. benji, muvdu, canja, pleji, vecnu, friti, sfasa, dapma, cnemu, prali)

dunja [duj] freeze

x1 freezes/jells/solidifies at temperature x2 and pressure x3
(cf. febvi, lunsa, runme, sligu)

dunku [duk du'u] anguish

x1 is anguished/distressed/emotionally wrought/stressed by x2
(cf. fengu, surla)

dunli [dun du'i] equal

x1 is equal/congruent to/as much as x2 in property/dimension/quantity x3
[same in quantity/quality (not necessarily in identity); 'analogy' may be expressed as the equivalence of two properties of similarity (ka x1 simsa x2) and (ka x3 simsa x4)]; (cf. cmavo list du'i, satci, frica, simsa, mintu)

dunra [dur] winter

x1 is winter/wintertime [cold season] of year x2 at location x3
(cf. citsi, crisa, critu, vensa)

dzena [dze] elder

x1 is an elder/ancestor of x2 by bond/tie/degree x3; x1's generation precedes x2's parents
(cf. patfu, rirni, tamne)

dzipo [zip zi'o] Antarctican

x1 reflects Antarctican culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2
(cf. ketco, friko, sralo, terdi)

facki [fak fa'i] discover

x1 discovers/finds out x2 (du'u) about subject/object x3; x1 finds (fi) x3 (object)
(cf. cirko, djuno, jijnu, smadi, sisku)

fadni [fad] ordinary

x1 [member] is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 (ka) among members of x3 (set)
[also: x2 is a normal/common/ordinary/typical property among set x3 (= selterfadni for reordered places); also regular, (mabla forms:) banal, trite, vulgar; (x3 is complete set)]; (cf. cafne, rirci, kampu, lakne, tcaci, cnano)

fagri [fag] fire

x1 is a fire/flame in fuel x2 burning-in/reacting-with oxidizer x3 (default air/oxygen)
(cf. jelca, sacki)

falnu [fan] sail

x1 is a sail for gathering propelling material x2 on vehicle/motor x3
[waterwheel (= jacfanxi'u)]; (cf. bloti)

famti [] aunt or uncle

x1 is an aunt/uncle of x2 by bond/tie x3; x1 is an associated member of x2's parent's generation
(cf. bruna, mamta, mensi, patfu, rirni, tamne)

fancu [] function

x1 is a function/single-valued mapping from domain x2 to range x3 defined by expression/rule x4
(cf. mekso, bridi)

fange [] alien

x1 is alien/foreign/[exotic]/unfamiliar to x2 in property x3 (ka)
(cf. cizra, jbena, ckini)

fanmo [fam fa'o] end

x1 is an end/finish/termination of thing/process x2; [not necessarily implying completeness]
[x1 is final/last/at the last; x1 is a terminal/terminus of x2; x1 is the final/terminated state of terminated process x2; x2 terminates/ceases/stops/halts at x1 (= selfa'o for reordered places)]; (cf. krasi, cfari, mulno, sisti, denpa, jipno, kojna, traji, krasi)

fanri [] factory

x1 is a factory/foundry/industrial plant/mill producing x2 from materials x3
(cf. molki, gundi)

fanta [] prevent

x1 prevents/keeps/stops/restrains/constrains event x2 from occurring
(cf. pinfu, bandu, zunti, rinju, jimte, bapli, rivbi)

fanva [] translate

x1 translates text/utterance x2 to language x3 from language x4 with translation result x5
(cf. cusku, bangu)

fanza [faz] annoy

x1 (event) annoys/irritates/bothers/distracts x2
[also: is disruptive to]; (cf. fengu, raktu, dicra, tunta, zunti, jicla)

fapro [fap pro] oppose

x1 opposes/balances/contends against opponent(s) x2 (person/force ind./mass) about x3 (abstract)
[also resists]; (cf. bandu, bradi, darlu, damba, jivna, lanxe, rivbi, sarji, xarnu)

farlu [fal fa'u] fall

x1 falls/drops to x2 from x3 in gravity well/frame of reference x4
[note: things can fall in spin, thrust, or tide as well as gravity; (agentive "drop" = one of two lujvo: falcru and falri'a)] (cf. lafti, cpare, klama, sfubu)

farna [far fa'a] direction

x1 is the direction of x2 (object/event) from origin/in frame of reference x3
[x2 is towards x1 from x3 (= selfa'a for reordered places)]; (cf. zunle, pritu, galtu, gapru, cnita, dizlo, berti, snanu, stuna, stici, purci, balvi, lidne)

farvi [fav] develop

x1 develops/evolves towards/into x2 from x3 through stages x4
(cf. pruce, banro, makcu, ciste, cupra, ferti)

fasnu [fau] event

x1 (event) is an event that happens/occurs/takes place; x1 is an incident/happening/occurrence
(cf. cmavo list fau, krefu, lifri, fatci, rapli; gasnu, zukte, if specifically agentive, banli)

fatci [fac] fact

x1 (du'u) is a fact/reality/truth/actuality, in the absolute
(cf. datni, jitfa, sucta, xanri, jetnu, fasnu, zasti, cfika, saske)

fatne [fat fa'e] reverse

x1 [sequence] is in reverse order from x2 [sequence]; x1 (object) is inverted from x2 (object)
[also opposite (one sense)]; (cf. cmavo list fa'e, dukti)

fatri [fai] distribute

x1 is distributed/allotted/allocated/shared among x2 with shares/portions x3; (x2/x3 fa'u)
[also spread, shared out, apportioned; agentive distribution (= fairgau, fairzu'e)]; (cf. cmavo list fa'u, fendi, preja, katna, tcana)

febvi [feb] boil

x1 boils/evaporates at temperature x2 and pressure x3
[roil (= febjicla)]; (cf. dunja, lunsa, runme)

femti [fem] 1E-15

x1 is 1x10**-15 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

fendi [fed] divide

x1 (agent) divides/partitions/separates x2 into sections/parts/ind. x3 by method/partition x4
[also segments]; (cf. sepli, bitmu, fatri, dilcu, katna, frinu)

fengu [feg fe'u] angry

x1 is angry/mad at x2 for x3 (action/state/property)
(cf. fanza, dunku)

fenki [fek] crazy

x1 (action/event) is crazy/insane/mad/frantic/in a frenzy (one sense) by standard x2
(cf. bebna, racli, xajmi)

fenra [fer fe'a] crack

x1 is a crack/fissure/pass/cleft/ravine/chasm/[defect/flaw] [shape/form] in x2
(cf. kevna, cfila, jinto)

fenso [fen fe'o] sew

x1 sews/stitches/sutures materials x2 (ind./set) together with tool(s) x3, using filament x4
(x2 if a set must be a complete specification); (cf. cilta, jivbu, jorne, nivji, pijne, lasna)

fepni [fep fei] cent

x1 is measured in kopeck/cent money-subunits as x2 [quantity], in monetary system x3
[also pfennig, paisa, sen, fen, dinar, etc.; x1 is generally a price/cost/value]; (additional secondary, tertiary, etc. subunit places may be added as x4, x5, x6, ...); (cf. sicni, jdini, jdima, vecnu, rupnu, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, bunda, kramu)

fepri [] lung

x1 is a/the lung [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: breathing/respiratory apparatus/bellows]
[also (adjective:) x1 is pulmonary]; (cf. pambe, vasxu)

ferti [fre] fertile

x1 is fertile/conducive for supporting the growth/development of x2; x1 is fruitful/prolific
[also fecund (note that the Lojban covers both potential and actual/realized fertility)]; (cf. vanbi, sidju, rorci, farvi, banro, cange)

festi [fes] waste

x1(s) is/are waste product(s) [left to waste] by x2 (event/activity)
[also shit, crap; agentive wasting (= fesygau, fesyzu'e)]; (cf. xaksu, kalci, pinca)

fetsi [fet fe'i] female

x1 is a female/doe of species x2 evidencing feminine trait(s) x3 (ka); x1 is feminine
(cf. nakni)

figre [fig] fig

x1 is a fig [fruit/tree] of species/strain x2
(cf. grute)

filso [fis] Palestinian

x1 reflects Palestinian culture/nationality in aspect x2
(cf. jordo, xebro)

finpe [fip fi'e] fish

x1 is a fish of species x2 [metaphorical extension to sharks, non-fish aquatic vertebrates]
(cf. danlu)

finti [fin fi'i] invent

x1 invents/creates/composes/authors x2 for function/purpose x3 from existing elements/ideas x4
[x1 is creative/inventive]; (cf. cmavo list fi'e, ciska, pemci, zbasu, larcu, specific works of authorship, prosa, skina)

flalu [fla] law

x1 is a law specifying x2 (state/event) for community x3 under conditions x4 by lawgiver(s) x5
[x1 is a legality; x2 is legal/licit/legalized/a legality (= selfla for reordered places)]; (cf. javni, ritli, zekri, pulji, tinbe)

flani [] flute

x1 is a flute/pipe/fife/recorder [flute-like/air-reed musical instrument]
(cf. zgike)

flecu [fle] flow

x1 is a current/flow/river of/in x2 flowing in direction to/towards x3 from direction/source x4
[x1 is a stream of x2; x2 is a fluid [gas or liquid] (= selfle for reordered places); x1 flushes toward x3; flush (= caifle, sukfle)]; (cf. rirxe, senta where no directionality is implied, rinci, xampo, dikca, sakci, gapci, litki, ciblu)

fliba [fli] fail

x1 fails at doing x2 (state/event); x1 is a failure at its role in x2
[baffled (= pesfli, jmifli, dafspufli, menfli, among other senses); also x2 ceases/does not complete/fails to continue due to failure on the part of x1]; (cf. cfila, snada, srera, troci, sisti, ranji, denpa, bebna, zunti)

flira [fir] face

x1 is a/the face [head/body-part] of x2; (adjective:) x1 is facial
(cf. sefta, stedu, crane, mebri)

fo'a [fo'a] it-6

pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #6 (specified by goi)

fo'e [fo'e] it-7

pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #7 (specified by goi)

fo'i [fo'i] it-8

pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #8 (specified by goi)

foldi [flo foi] field

x1 is a field [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a broad uniform expanse of x2
[also woods (= ricfoi), lawn/meadow (= sasfoi), brush (= spafoi, cicyspafoi)]; (cf. purdi, cange)

fonmo [fom fo'o] foam

x1 is a quantity of foam/froth/suds of material x2, with bubbles/vacuoles of material x3
(cf. zbabu)

fonxa [fon] telephone

x1 is a telephone transceiver/modem attached to system/network x2
(cf. tcana)

forca [fro] fork

x1 is a fork/fork-type tool/utensil for purpose x2 with tines/prongs x3 on base/support x4
(cf. dakfu, smuci, komcu, tutci)

fraso [fas] French

x1 reflects French/Gallic culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. ropno)

frati [fra] react

x1 reacts/responds/answers with action x2 to stimulus x3 under conditions x4; x1 is responsive
[x3 stimulates x1 into reaction x2, x3 stimulates reaction x2 (= terfra for place reordering); attempt to stimulate, prod (= terfratoi, tunterfratoi)]; (cf. preti, danfu, spuda, cpedu, tarti)

fraxu [fax] forgive

x1 forgives x2 for event/state/activity x3
(cf. dunda, curmi, zungi)

frica [fic] differ

x1 differs/is distinct from/contrasts with/is unlike x2 in property/dimension/quantity x3
[also other-than (less common meaning)]; (cf. ranxi, drata, dunli, simsa, vrici)

friko [fi'o] African

x1 reflects African culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2
(cf. ropno, xazdo)

frili [fil] easy

x1 (action) is easy/simple/facile for x2 (agent) under conditions x3; x2 does x1 freely/easily
(cf. nandu, sampu, zifre)

frinu [] fraction

x1 is a fraction, with numerator x2, denominator x3 (x2/x3)
(cf. parbi, dilcu, mekso, fendi)

friti [fit] offer

x1 offers/proffers x2 [offering] to x3 with conditions x4
[(x4 may be nu canja, nu pleji, etc.; an unconditional offering has the 'condition' of acceptance); x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posfriti, posyselfriti for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. canja, dunda, rinsa, vecnu, jdima, cnemu, pleji, vitke)

frumu [fru] frown

x1 frowns/grimaces (facial expression)
[x1 frowns/grimaces at/in reaction to x2 (= frufra)]; (cf. cmila, cisma)

fukpi [fuk fu'i] copy

x1 is a copy/replica/duplicate/clone of x2 in form/medium x3 made by method x4 (event)
(cf. krefu, rapli, gidva)

fulta [ful flu] float

x1 (passive) floats on/in fluid (gas/liquid) x2; x1 is buoyant
(cf. limna, bloti, sakli)

funca [fun fu'a] luck

x1 (event/property) is determined by the luck/fortune of x2; (note mabla/zabna not implied)
(cf. cunso, mabla, zabna)

fusra [fur] rotten

x1 rots/decays/ferments with decay/fermentation agent x2; x1 is rotten/decayed/fermented
(cf. birje, vanju, vifne)

fuzme [fuz fu'e] responsible

x1 is responsible/accountable for x2 (action/resulting state) to judge/authority x3
(cf. bilga)

gacri [gai] cover

x1 is a cover/[lid/top] for covering/concealing/sheltering x2
(cf. pilka, gapru, marbi, drudi, ve botpi, bitmu, calku)

gadri [gad] article

x1 is an article/descriptor labelling description x2 (text) in language x3 with semantics x4
[x2 is the noun phrase/sumti without the article/descriptor; description ((x1 with x2) = gadysu'i); note: 'determiner' has become the accepted general linguistics term, displacing 'article'; however, 'determiner' includes all words that can introduce a noun phrase/sumti, whether a description or not, such as pronoun possessives like lemi, quantifiers (especially in indefinites) like ci and su'o, and demonstratives like ti, ta, and tu; the term 'descriptor' in Lojban, is limited to words that introduce descriptions (excluding indefinites), such as those of selma'o LA and LE, their common compounds such as lemi, and possibly lenu]; 'article' typically refers only to a single word; Lojban assumes the broader meaning] (cf. valsi, cmavo)

galfi [gaf ga'i] modify

x1 (event) modifies/alters/changes/transforms/converts x2 into x3
[agentive, resultative change]; (cf. stika for non-resultative, binxo for not-necessarily agentive change, cenba for non-resultative change; zasni)

galtu [gal ga'u] high

x1 is high/up/upward in frame of reference x2 as compared with baseline/standard height x3
[also upper; x3 is generally some defined distance above a zero point/baseline, or is that baseline itself]; (cf. gapru, dizlo, cnita, drudi, farna)

galxe [] throat

x1 is a/the throat/gullet [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: narrow(ing) opening of a deep hole]
(cf. cnebo, kevna, tunlo)

ganlo [ga'o] closed

x1 (portal/passage/entrance-way) is closed/shut/not open, preventing passage/access to x2 by x3
[as a doorway, but also perhaps a semi-permeable membrane]; (cf. kalri, pagre, canko, vorme, zunti)

ganra [gan] broad

x1 is broad/wide in dimension x2 [2nd most significant dimension] by standard x3
(cf. clani, jarki, rotsu, condi, barda, gutci, minli)

ganse [gas ga'e] sense

x1 [observer] senses/detects/notices stimulus property x2 (ka) by means x3 under conditions x4
[x1 is sensitive to x2; also feels, spots, perceives, makes out, discerns/recognizes (but only implying reaction without necessarily any significant mental processing); note that the emphasis is on a property which stimulates x1 and is detected (sanji is passive about the sensing, and is not limited to sensory input, as well as presuming some kind of discernment/recognition, while not being concerned with the means of detection); x3 sense/sensory channel]; (cf. pencu, sanji, viska, sumne, tirna, zgana, canci, simlu)

ganti [] gonad

x1 is a/the testes/ovary/testicle/scrotum/balls/gonad/stamen/pistil [body-part] of x2, gender x3
[egg/sperm/pollen/gamete producing/bearing organ]; (cf. plibu, sovda, pinji, gutra, mabla)

ganxo [gax] anus

x1 is a/the anus/anal orifice/asshole/arsehole [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: exit, waste exit]
[also asshole/ass/arsehole; (adjective:) x1 is anal]; (cf. zargu, kalci, mabla, rinci)

ganzu [gaz] organize

x1 organizes x2 [relative chaos] into x3 [ordered/organized result] by system/principle(s) x4
[x3 is also a system; x4 could be merely a function which inherently serves to dictate the organizational structure of x3]; (cf. ciste, morna, stura, bilni, cabra)

gapci [gac] gas

x1 is gaseous/fumes/a gas/vapor of material/composition including x2, under conditions x3
[x3 includes temperature and pressure]; (cf. pambe, vacri, litki, sligu, danmo, bumru, cidro, flecu)

gapru [gap] above

x1 is directly/vertically above/upwards-from x2 in gravity/frame of reference x3
(cf. tsani, galtu, cnita, drudi, gacri, dizlo, farna)

garna [gar] rail

x1 is a rail/railing/bar [tool] supporting/restraining x2, of material x3
(cf. kamju, grana, tutci)

gasnu [gau] do

x1 [person/agent] is an agentive cause of event x2; x1 does/brings about x2
(cf. cmavo list gau, gunka, zukte, rinka, fasnu for non-agentive events, jibri, kakne, pilno)

gasta [gat] steel

x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains steel of composition including x2
(cf. jinme, molki, tirse)

genja [gej] root

x1 is a root [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: immobile, supporting, nourishing]
(cf. jamfu, jicmu, patlu, samcu, spati, krasi)

gento [get ge'o] Argentinian

x1 reflects Argentinian culture/nationality in aspect x2
(cf. xispo, ketco, spano)

genxu [gex] hook

x1 is a hook/crook [shape/form] of material x2
(cf. kruvi, korcu)

gerku [ger ge'u] dog

x1 is a dog/canine/[bitch] of species/breed x2
(cf. lorxu, labno, mlatu)

gerna [gen ge'a] grammar

x1 is the grammar/rules/defining form of language x2 for structure/text x3
(cf. bangu, stura, cmavo, jufra)

gidva [gid gi'a] guide

x1 (person/object/event) guides/conducts/pilots/leads x2 (active participants) in/at x3 (event)
[a guiding person advises/suggests/sets an example to be followed, but does not necessarily control/direct/manage actual execution of an event; an event may serve as a guide by setting a pattern/example to be emulated]; (cf. jitro, ralju, sazri, te bende, jatna, fukpi, morna)

gigdo [gig gi'o] 1E9

x1 is a billion [British milliard] [1x10**9] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

ginka [gik] camp

x1 is a camp/encampment/temporary residence of x2 at location x3
(cf. dinju, xabju, zdani)

girzu [gir gri] group

x1 is group/cluster/team showing common property (ka) x2 due to set x3 linked by relations x4
[also collection, team, comprised of, comprising; members x3 (a specification of the complete membership) comprise group x1; cluster (= kangri)]; (cf. bende, ciste, cmima, gunma, panra, cabra, cecmu, kansa, klesi, lanzu, liste, vrici)

gismu [gim gi'u] root word

x1 is a (Lojban) root word expressing relation x2 among argument roles x3, with affix(es) x4
[gismu list, if physical object (= (loi) gimste); referring to the mental construct (e.g. propose adding a new gismu to the gismu list = gimpoi, gimselcmi, gimselste)]; (cf. cmavo, cmene, lujvo, smuni, sumti, tanru, valsi)

glare [gla] hot

x1 is hot/[warm] by standard x2
[warm (= mligla), feverish (= bi'agla)]; (cf. lenku)

gleki [gek gei] happy

x1 is happy/gay/merry/glad/gleeful about x2 (event/state)
[adversity (= kamnalgei)]; (cf. badri, cinmo)

gletu [let gle] copulate

x1 copulates/fucks/mates/has coitus/sexual intercourse with x2
[x1 and x2 are symmetrical; mounts (= cpanygle)]; (cf. cinse, pinji, plibu, vibna, vlagi, mabla, speni)

glico [gic gli] English

x1 is English/pertains to English-speaking culture in aspect x2
[generally assume broadest sense of 'English'; may refer to 'English', pertaining to the country/people/culture of England (normally requiring constraint = gligu'e, or simply redundancy = gligli-); British English, the norm language of the UK (= gliglibau)]; (cf. brito which refers to the United Kingdom as a whole or to the British empire, merko, sralo, kadno, skoto)

gluta [glu] glove

x1 is a mitten/glove [hand and lower arm garment] of material x2
[mitten (= degycauglu)]; (cf. taxfu)

gocti [goc] 1E-24

x1 is 1x10**-24 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

gotro [got] 1E24

x1 is 1x10**24 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

gradu [rau] unit

x1 [magnitude] is a unit/degree of/on scale/reference standard x2 (si'o) measuring property x3
[also grade, level, point; x3 dimension]; (cf. ckilu, kantu, kelvo, merli, ranti, selci)

grake [gra] gram

x1 is x2 gram(s) [metric unit] in mass (default is 1) by standard x3
(cf. junta, kilto, bunda, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, litce, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

grana [ga'a] rod

x1 is a rod/pole/staff/stick/cane [shape/form] of material x2
(cf. garna)

grasu [ras] grease

x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains grease/fat/oil from source x2
(cf. ctile, matne, plana)

greku [rek] frame

x1 is a frame/structure/skeleton/outline supporting/load-bearing/determining the form of x2
(cf. korbi, stura, tsina, bongu)

grusi [rus] gray

x1 is gray [color adjective]
(cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi)

grute [rut] fruit

x1 is a fruit [body-part] of species x2
(cf. badna, dembi, figre, guzme, narge, perli, pilka, plise, spati, stagi, tamca, tsiju, tarbi, panzi, rorci, te pruce, jbari, nimre)

gubni [gub] public

x1 is public/un-hidden/open/jointly available to/owned by all among community x2 (mass)
(cf. sivni)

gugde [gug gu'e] country

x1 is the country of peoples x2 with land/territory x3; (people/territory relationship)
[also sovereignty, domestic (as opposed to foreign), nation (when not referring to ethos)]; (cf. turni, natmi, jecta, tumla, tutra, lanci)

gundi [gud] industry

x1 is industry/industrial/systematic manufacturing activity producing x2 by process/means x3
(cf. cupra, fanri, rutni, zbasu)

gunka [gun gu'a] work

x1 [person] labors/works on/at x2 [activity] with goal/objective x3
[also: x1 is a worker/laborer]; (cf. sazri, gasnu, se jibri; zukte - which need not be labor; physics term 'work' = ni muvyselbai, briju, jibri, lazni, selfu)

gunma [gum] jointly

x1 is a mass/team/aggregate/whole, together composed of components x2, considered jointly
[A description in x1 indicates of mass property(ies) displayed by the mass; masses may reveal properties not found in the individual set members that are massified, which themselves are not necessarily relevant to the mass property implicit in this bridi]; (cf. bende, girzu, pagbu, cmavo list loi, lei, lai, ciste, cmima, kansa, tinci)

gunro [gur gu'o] roll

x1 rolls/trundles on/against surface x2 rotating on axis/axle x3; x1 is a roller
(cf. bolci, carna, jendu, slanu)

gunse [] goose

x1 is a goose/[gander] of species/breed x2
(cf. cipni)

gunta [gut] attack

x1 (person/mass) attacks/invades/commits aggression upon victim x2 with goal/objective x3
(cf. bradi, damba, darxi, jamna, jenca, jursa)

gurni [gru] grain

x1 is grain/[British: corn]/cereal from plant/species x2
(cf. bavmi, cunmi, mavji, maxri, molki, mraji, rismi, sobde, spati, zumri, nanba, sorgu)

guska [guk] scrape

x1 blade/scraper/erosive scrapes/erodes/abrades x2 from x3
[abrade, abrasive (= mosyguska)]; (cf. balre, sraku, batci, canpa, mosra)

gusni [gus gu'i] illumine

x1 [energy] is light/illumination illuminating x2 from light source x3
[x3 illuminates/lights x2 with light/illumination x1; x2 is lit/illuminated by illumination x1 from source x3 (= selgu'i for reordered places); light/lamp (= tergu'i)](cf. dirce, manku, solri, carmi, ctino, kantu)

gusta [] restaurant

x1 is a restaurant/cafe/diner serving type-of-food x2 to audience x3
(cf. barja, citka, kukte, sanmi, xotli)

gutci [guc] cubit

x1 is x2 (default 1) short local distance unit(s) [non-metric], standard x3, x4 subunits
[foot (= jmagutci); yard (= cibjmagutci), pace (= tapygutci), inch (= degygutci), cubit (= birgutci)]; (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. mitre, clani, ganra, condi, rotsu, rupnu, fepni, dekpu, minli, merli, bunda, kramu)

gutra [] womb

x1 is a/the womb/uterus [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: nourishing, protective, giving birth]
(cf. jbena, rorci, sovda, tarbi, ganti, mabla)

guzme [guz zme] melon

x1 is a melon/squash [fruit/plant] of species/strain x2
(cf. grute)

ja [jav] tanru or

logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or

jabre [] brake

x1 brakes/causes to slow motion/activity x2 with device/mechanism/principle x3
(cf. mosra)

jadni [jad ja'i] adorn

x1 (object) adorns/decorates x2; x1 is an adornment/decoration of x2; x2 is fancy/decorated
[fancy/decorated (= selja'i)]; (cf. jemna, dirba, batke)

jakne [] rocket

x1 is a rocket [vehicle] propelled by jet expelling x2 carrying payload x3
(cf. cecla, danti, spoja)

jalge [jag ja'e] result

x1 (action/event/state) is a result/outcome/conclusion of antecedent x2 (event/state/process)
[also: x2 gives rise to x1 (= selja'e for reordered places); total (general meaning, but also = mekyja'e, pi'irja'e, sujyja'e)]; (cf. se mukti, te zukte, se rinka, se krinu, se nibli, mulno, sumji, pilji, mekso, cmavo list ja'e, ciksi)

jalna [] starch

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of starch from source x2 of composition including x3
(cf. patlu, samcu)

jalra [] cockroach

x1 is a cockroach/[orthopteran/termite] of order/species/breed x2
[also grasshopper (= pipyjalra); cricket (= sanjalra); locust, termite (= mantyjalra or mudyctijalra)]; (while cockroaches are an order unto themselves, they are part of Orthoptera, which includes grasshoppers, crickets, etc; termites are a closely-related non-Orthoptera, more akin to cockroaches than to e.g. ants); (cf. cinki, civla, manti)

jamfu [jaf jma] foot

x1 is a/the foot [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: lowest portion] (adjective:) x1 is pedal
(cf. jicmu, genja, zbepi, tuple, jubme, xance, tamji)

jamna [jam] war

x1 (person/mass) wars against x2 over territory/matter x3; x1 is at war with x2
(cf. bradi, gunta, panpi, damba, darlu)

janbe [jab] bell

x1 is a bell/chime/[tuning fork] [tuned percussion instrument] producing sound/note x2
[also: x1 rings/tolls (i.e. if it rings, then it is a bell); resonates (one sense, = jabdesku)]; (cf. zgike, tonga, desku, slilu)

janco [jan] shoulder

x1 is a/the shoulder/hip/joint [body-part] attaching limb/extremity x2 to body x3
(cf. birka)

janli [jal] collide

x1 collides with/crashes/bumps/runs into x2
(also collide = simjanli for a collision between two moving objects); (cf. darxi)

jansu [jas] diplomat

x1 is a diplomat/consul representing polity x2 in/at negotiation x3 for function/purpose x4
[(for) x3 polity, (use tu'a); also ambassador (= raljansu, trujansu)]; (cf. jecta, krati)

janta [jat] account

x1 is an account/bill/invoice for goods/services x2, billed to x3 by x4
(cf. jdima, vamji, vecnu, canja, jerna, dejni, jbera)

jarbu [] suburb

x1 is a suburban area of city/metropolis x2
(cf. nurma, se tcadu, ve tcadu)

jarco [ja'o] show

x1 (agent) shows/exhibits/displays/[reveals]/demonstrates x2 (property) to audience x3
[reveal (= tolmipygau, mipyja'o, sivja'o); also: x1 shows that x2, x1 shows off x2; showing an object is generally expressed with a tu'a x2, since the properties of the shown object (other than its presence) intended for observation are seldom specified (simple presence could be expressed by leka [object] cu zvati)]; (cf. tigni, cipra, zgana, jvinu, lanli, mipri, simlu)

jarki [jak] narrow

x1 is narrow in dimension x2 [2nd most significant dimension] by standard x3
(cf. caxno, cinla, tordu, tagji, cinla, cmalu)

jaspu [jap] passport

x1 is a passport issued to x2 (person) by authority x3 allowing x4 (activity)
(cf. pikta, catni, curmi)

jatna [ja'a] captain

x1 is captain/commander/leader/in-charge/boss of vehicle/domain x2
(cf. jitro, lidne, te bende, minde, ralju, gidva, bloti)

javni [jva] rule

x1 is a rule prescribing/mandating/requiring x2 (event/state) within system/community x3
[regulation, prescription (also x2), principle, requirement (also x2), prescribe, require (conditions are usually contained within x2); x1 is regulatory; x2, x3 are regulated]; (cf. flalu, ritli, cmavo list ja'i, marde, tcaci, tinbe, zekri)

jbama [bam] bomb

x1 is a bomb/explosive device with explosive material/principle x2
(cf. cecla, spoja)

jbari [jba] berry

x1 is a berry (fruit/plant) of plant/species x2
(cf. grute, tsiju, narge, grute)

jbena [jbe] born

x1 is born to x2 at time x3 [birthday] and place x4 [birthplace]; x1 is native to (fo) x4
[x2 bears/gives birth to x1; also x3: natal day]; (cf. fange, gutra, rorci, mamta, salci, citsi)

jbera [jer] borrow

x1 (agent) borrows/temporarily takes/assumes x2 (object) from source x3 for interval x4
[credit (= jernu'e); borrow/assume a property or quality as a chameleon does (= zaskai, zasysmitra, zasysmitai)]; (cf. dejni, janta, zivle)

jbini [bin bi'i] between

x1 is between/among set of points/bounds/limits x2 (set)/amidst mass x2 in property x3 (ka)
[x2 (a complete set, generally ordered) defines the bounds/limits/range for x1]; (cf. se vasru, nenri, zvati, cpana, snuji, senta, bitmu, jimte, kuspe, jibni, lamji, sruri, vanbi, midju, cmima, setca)

jdari [jar] firm

x1 is firm/hard/resistant/unyielding to force x2 under conditions x3
(cf. nandu, ralci, randa, ranti, tinsa, sligu, stodi)

jdice [jdi] decide

x1 (person) decides/makes decision x2 (du'u) about matter x3 (event/state)
(cf. pajni, cuxna, kanji, manri)

jdika [] decrease

x1 (experiencer) decreases/contracts/is reduced/diminished in property/quantity x2 by amount x3
(cf. zenba, mleca, vimcu)

jdima [di'a] price

x1 [amount] is the price of x2 to purchaser/consumer x3 set by vendor x4
[x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydi'a, posyseldi'a for unambiguous semantics); price is something decided/set by the seller, and is closely akin to offer (friti), which is what a buyer may decide; (note that price is not he same as cost/expense, which is the actual amount exchanged in a transaction; the latter is vecnu or canja; neither is the same as "value" or vamji; in colloquial English, these are sometimes interchanged, at least partially because of the rarity of barter and bargaining in the marketplace)]; (cf. canja, friti, janta, jdini, kargu, pleji, dapma, vamji for 'value', ve vecnu for 'cost', canja, fepni, jerna, jinga, pleji, prali, rupnu, sfasa, vamji)

jdini [din di'i] money

x1 is money/currency issued by x2; (adjective:) x1 is financial/monetary/pecuniary/fiscal
['currency' sometimes is restricted to paper money (= pledi'i)]; (cf. fepni, jdima, rupnu, sicni, canja, rupnu)

jduli [dul jdu] jelly

x1 is a quantity of jelly/semisolid [texture] of material/composition including x2
[(adjective:) x1 is gelatinous]; (cf. litki, sligu)

je [jev jve] tanru and

logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and

jecta [jec je'a] polity

x1 is a polity/state governing territory/domain x2; [government/territory relationship]
[(adjective:) x1 is civil/political]; (cf. gugde, tutra, turni, natmi, jansu, lanci, cecmu)

jeftu [jef] week

x1 is x2 weeks in duration (default is 1 week) by standard x3
[re. x3, a week may be more or less than seven days, classically being tied to the time between trips to the marketplace; this week (= cabjeftu); next week (= bavlamjeftu); last week (= prulamjeftu)]; (cf. detri, djedi, masti, nanca)

jegvo [jeg je'o] Jehovist

x1 pertains to the common Judeo-Christian-Moslem culture/religion/nationality in aspect x2
[also Muslim]; (cf. lijda, muslo, dadjo, xriso)

jei [jez] truth abstract

abstractor: truth-value abstractor; x1 is truth value of [bridi] under metaphysics x2
[words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]

jelca [jel] burn

x1 burns/[ignites/is flammable/inflammable] at temperature x2 in atmosphere x3
[default x2/x3 to normal temperatures in air; ignite (= jelcfa), flammable/inflammable (usually = jelka'e or jelfrili)]; (cf. fagri, kijno, sigja, livla, sacki)

jemna [jme] gem

x1 is a gem/polished stone/pearl of type x2 from gemstone/material/source x3
[also jewel (= jmeja'i); gemstone (= x2, x3, or jmero'i, jmekunra); pearl (= selcakyjme - a gem found inside a shell, tercakyjme - a gem made of shell material, boijme - any ball-shaped gem), mother-of-pearl (= cakyjme)]; (cf. kunra, rokci, jadni, dirba, kargu, krili, pulji)

jenca [jen] shock

x1 (event) shocks/stuns x2
(cf. darxi, gunta, spaji)

jendu [jed] axle

x1 is an axle/spindle [tool] on which x2 rotates, of material/properties x3
(cf. se carna, gunro, tutci)

jenmi [jem jei] army

x1 (mass) is an army serving group/community x2 (mass) in function x3 (activity)
(cf. bilni, sonci, xarci)

jerna [] earn

x1 (agent/person) earns/[deserves/merits] wages/salary/pay x2 for work/service x3 (activity)
[also x2 earnings, reward (= zanseljerna or nemjerna), punishment/comeuppance (= sfaseljerna, malseljerna); x3 behavior; job (= terjerna); x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posyjerna, posyseljerna for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. jibri, pleji, vecnu, cnemu, canja, jdima, jinga, prali, sfasa, janta, kargu, vamji)

jersi [je'i] chase

x1 chases/pursues/(physically) follows after x2; volition is not implied for x1 or x2
[x1 follows after x2]; (cf. kavbu, rivbi, kalte, lidne)

jerxo [jex] Algerian

x1 reflects Algerian culture/nationality in aspect x2
(cf. friko, xrabo, muslo, fraso)

jesni [jes] needle

x1 is a needle [pointed shape/form, not tool] of material x2
(cf. konju, pijne, jipno, kinli)

jetce [je'e] jet

x1 is a jet [expelled stream] of material x2 expelled from x3
(cf. sputu, vamtu)

jetnu [jet je'u] true

x1 (du'u) is true/truth by standard/epistemology/metaphysics x2
[words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; (cf. stace, jitfa, fatci, birti, cfika)

jgalu [ja'u] claw

x1 is a/the claw/nail/talon [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: pointed, penetrating, physical weapon]
(cf. denci, jirna, batci)

jganu [jga] angle

x1 is an angle [2-dimensional shape/form] from vertex x2 subtended by lateral [segment] x3
[also (adjective:) x1 is angular; x2 corner; (segment x3 can be defined by interval)]; (cf. kojna, linji, konju, mokca)

jgari [jai] grasp

x1 grasps/holds/clutches/seizes/grips/[hugs] x2 with x3 (part of x1) at locus x4 (part of x2)
[hug (= birjai, pamjai); embrace (= xadjai); handshake (= xanjai, jikyxanjai), handle (= veljai, veljaitci)]; (cf. ralte, pencu, darxi, batke, rinju)

jgena [jge] knot

x1 is a knot/tangle in/between x2 (object/jo'u-objects)
[knot (verb = jgegau, jgezu'e, jgeri'a, jgela'a), knot: fastening between two or more cords (= jgeterjo'e)]; (cf. pluja, julne, lasna, skori)

jgina [gin] gene

x1 is a gene of creature [or locus on creature] x2 determining trait/process x3
[also chromosome = (gincilta, ginpoi)]; (cf. cerda)

jgira [jgi] pride

x1 (person) feels/has pride in/about x2 (abstraction)
[an emotional combination of satisfaction and respect/esteem towards property(ies) or action(s) of person/entity that has a specific tie to emoter; self-pride (= se'ijgi, tolcumla); use x2 tu'a for pride in non-specific actions/properties of someone]; (cf. cinmo, cumla, sevzi, sinma, snada)

jgita [git] guitar

x1 is guitar/violin/fiddle/harp [stringed musical instrument] with actuator/plectrum/bow x2
[also lute, viola, cello]; (cf. zgike)

jibni [jbi] near

x1 is near/close to/approximates x2 in property/quantity x3 (ka/ni)
(cf. darno, nenri, vanbi, jbini, lamji, zvati, cpana, bartu, diklo, stuzi)

jibri [jib] job

x1 is a job/occupation/employment/vocation (a type of work regularly done for pay) of person x2
[working for another (= selplijibri)]; (cf. briju, gunka, te jerna which is employment specifically for pay and not specifically for another, te pilno which is employment not necessarily for pay and not necessarily regular or lasting but for another, se gasnu and se zukte for incidental activities)

jicla [] stir

x1 (object, or event: force) stirs/mixes/[roils/agitates] fluid (gas/liquid) x2
[convection (= nenflejicla); agentive stirring (= jiclygau, jiclyzu'e)]; (cf. fanza, tunta, mixre)

jicmu [cmu] basis

x1 is a basis/foundation/underlying or fundamental principle of x2; x1 is at the bottom of x2
[x2 is founded on basis x1 (= selcmu for reordered places); (adjective:) x1 is basic/basal/fundamental); (generally events and properties will be bases for events and states, while objects may be bases/bottoms for objects)]; (cf. cmavo list ji'u, jamfu, zbepi, genja, krasi)

jijnu [jij] intuit

x1 (person) intuits x2 (du'u) about subject x3; [epistemology]
[words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; (cf. djuno, facki, jimpe, jinvi, nabmi, pensi, sidbo, smadi)

jikca [jik] socialize

x1 interacts/behaves socially with x2; x1 socializes with/is sociable towards x2
(cf. tarti, penmi)

jikru [] liquor

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of liquor/spirits distilled from x2
(cf. barja, vanju, birje, xalka)

jilka [jil] alkali

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of alkali/base of composition including x2
[(adjective:) x1 is alkaline]; (cf. sodna, bakri, sodva)

jilra [] jealous

x1 (person) is jealous of/envies x2 (person) about/for x3 (property - ka)
(cf. cinmo)

jimca [jic] branch

x1 is a branch/bough/limb of x2; x2 forks into branches x1; [preferred over metaphorical birka]
[also appendage]; (cf. birka, rebla, tuple)

jimpe [jmi] understand

x1 understands/comprehends fact/truth x2 (du'u) about subject x3; x1 understands (fi) x3
(cf. djuno, jijnu, morna, smuni, saske, viska)

jimte [jit] limit

x1 is a limit/extreme/bound/border/[confinement] of x2 in property/domain x3
[restrain/constrain within limits (= jitri'u, jitygau, jityzu'e)]; (cf. cmavo list ji'e, traji, korbi, kuspe, rinju, bapli, curmi, fanta, jbini)

jinci [] shears

x1 is a pair of shears/scissors for cutting x2
(cf. katna)

jinga [jig ji'a] win

x1 (person/team) wins/gains prize x2 from/over x3 [competitors/losers] in competition x4
[also: x1 is a victor; x2 reward; x3 competitors here are opponents and in many situations, defeated/losers, vs. the set of those competing for a goal; x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posyji'a, posyselji'a for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. cirko, jivna, talsa, cnemu, prali, pleji, sfasa, jdima, jerna, bradi, kargu, kelci)

jinku [] vaccine

x1 is a vaccine/immune-system stimulant protecting x2 against disease x3 introduced by method x4
[also serum; inoculation (= jestu'u veljinku)] (cf. jurme, mikce, jesni, bilma)

jinme [jim] metal

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of made of metal of composition including x2
[(adjective:) x1 is metallic]; (cf. cnisa, gasta, lastu, margu, nikle, ransu, romge, sodna, tinci, tirse, tunka, zinki, kunra, sodva)

jinru [jir] immerse

x1 (object/person) is immersed/submerged/bathes in liquid x2
[take a bath/bathe (= jirsezlu'i)]; (cf. lumci, nenri, jinsa)

jinsa [jis] clean

x1 (object) is clean/pure of material/contaminant/dirt x2 by standard x3
(cf. lumci, jinru, curve, sepli)

jinto [] well

x1 is a well/spring of fluid x2 at location x3
(cf. krasi, djacu, fenra)

jinvi [jiv ji'i] opine

x1 thinks/opines x2 [opinion] (du'u) is true about subject/issue x3 on grounds x4
[words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place] (cf. cmavo list pe'i, ciksi, jijnu, nabmi, pensi, senpi, sidbo, birti, pinka)

jinzi [jiz] innate

x1 (property - ka) is an innate/inherent/intrinsic/natural property/quality/aspect of x2
(cf. lakne, rarna, stati, cmavo list ka'e, tcaci)

jipci [] chicken

x1 is a chicken/[hen/cock/rooster]/small fowl [a type of bird] of species/breed x2
(cf. cipni)

jipno [jip ji'o] tip

x1 is a tip/point/vertex/extremity/end [0-dimension shape/form] on object x2 at locus x3
(cf. mokca, jesni, fanmo, kojna, krasi)

jirna [] horn

x1 is a/the horn [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: pointed extremity]
(cf. jgalu, bongu)

jisra [] juice

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of juice/nectar from-source/of-type x2
[water-based extract from a (generally) biological source] (cf. pinxe, djacu, grute, stagi)

jitfa [jif] false

x1 (du'u) is false/is an untruth by standard/epistemology/metaphysics x2
[words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; (cf. fatci, stace, jetnu, cfika)

jitro [tro] control

x1 has control over/harnesses/manages/directs/conducts x2 in x3 (activity/event/performance)
[x2 are aspects/individuals controlled within activity/event x3; manage (= selzuktro, selzukfu'e, gu'etro, gunfu'e, xaktro, xakfu'e) (as distinct from manager/boss = gunterbe'e, gunja'a, gunmi'e, gunca'i)]; (cf. cmavo list ji'o, bapli, te bende, gidva - which does not necessarily control or command, jatna, macnu, minde, ponse, ralju, rinka, sazri, turni, vlipa, xance, xlura)

jivbu [] weave

x1 weaves x2 from material/[yarn] x3
(cf. fenso, nivji)

jivna [jvi] compete

x1 competes/vies with opponent x2 in contest/competition x3 (event) for gain x4; x1 rivals x2
[also x2 opponent(s), competitor(s), rival(s); x3 competition, race; x4 prize, reward, recognition (gain may be internal or external)]; (cf. cnemu, jinga, talsa, bradi, fapro, kelci)

jmaji [jaj] gather

x1 (mass/jo'u) gathers/collects at location x2 from locations x3 (mass/jo'u)
[also focus (= seljmaji)]; (cf. crepu)

jmifa [] shoal

x1 is a shoal [shallow hazard]/reef of material x2 in body of water x3
[rapids (= ri'erjmifa, ri'ercaxno)]; (cf. caxno)

jmina [min] add

x1 adds/combines x2 to/with x3, with result x4; x1 augments x2 by amount x3
(cf. zmadu, banro, sumji, zenba, setca)

jmive [miv ji'e] live

x1 lives/is alive by standard x2; x1 is an organism/living thing
[(adjective:) x1 is vital, organic]; (cf. lifri, morsi, stuzi, zvati, xabju)

jo [jov] tanru iff

logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if

jo'e [jom] union

non-logical connective: union of sets

jo'u [jo'u] in common with

non-logical connective: in common with; along with (unmixed)

joi [jol joi] in a mass with

non-logical connective: mixed conjunction; "and" meaning "mixed together", forming a mass

jordo [jor jo'o] Jordanian

x1 reflects Jordanian culture/nationality in aspect x2
(cf. filso)

jorne [jon jo'e] joined

x1 is joined to/connects to/is united with x2 at common locus x3; x1 and x2 are a union
[also joined/fastened/attached by joint x3/by means of x3/with fastener x3; fastener (= jo'etci, jonvelyla'a); train, sequence of joined objects (= jonpoi; porjo'e for a single object joined into a sequence)]; (cf. lasna, fenso, kansa, pencu, penmi)

ju [juv] tanru whether

logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought whether-or-not

jubme [jub jbu] table

x1 is a table/flat solid upper surface of material x2, supported by legs/base/pedestal x3
(cf. ckana, jamfu, nilce, zbepi, tsina, stizu)

judri [] address

x1 is an address of/are coordinates of x2 in system x3
(cf. tcita, cmene, ciste, stuzi)

jufra [juf ju'a] sentence

x1 (text) is a sentence/statement about x2 [topic/subject/predicate/focus] in language x3
[phrase (= jufpau, suzrelvla, suzvla, gensle)]; (cf. valsi, bangu, gerna, cusku, smuni)

jukni [juk] spider

x1 is a spider/arachnid/[crustacean/crab/lobster/non-insect arthropod] of species/breed x2
(cf. cinki, danlu)

jukpa [jup] cook

x1 cooks/prepares food-for-eating x2 by recipe/method x3 (process)
[cook with heat (= glajukpa, glaterjukpa), bake (= tokyjukpa); fry (= rasyjukpa)]; (cf. cupra, bredi)

julne [ju'e] net

x1 is a net/filter allowing passage of x2, prohibiting passage of x3, netting properties x4
[also sieve]; (cf. komcu, ciste, jgena)

jundi [jud ju'i] attentive

x1 is attentive towards/attends/tends/pays attention to object/affair x2
(cf. kurji, zvati)

jungo [jug] Chinese

x1 reflects Chinese [Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, etc.] culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. xazdo)

junla [jul] clock

x1 is clock/watch/timer measuring time units x2 to precision x3 with timing mechanism/method x4
[also timepiece]; (cf. cacra, mentu, snidu, tcika, temci)

junri [jur] serious

x1 (person) is serious/earnest/has gravity about x2 (event/state/activity)
[also solemn (= drijunri, ri'irjunri, tcejunri)]; (cf. tilju, xalbo, badri, ritli)

junta [] weight

x1 is the weight of object x2 in [gravitational or other force] field x3
(cf. grake, linto, tilju, bunda)

jurme [jum] germ

x1 is a bacteria/germ/microbe/protozoan/amoeba [1-celled life] of species/defining property x2
(cf. vidru)

jursa [jus] severe

x1 (event/action/state) is severe/harsh to x2 [victim/experiencer]
(cf. gunta, vlile)

jutsi [jut] species

x1 is a species of genus x2, family x3, etc.; [open-ended tree-structure categorization]
[also subspecies, order, phylum; (places do not correspond to specific levels in the hierarchy; rather, x1 is at a "lower" or "bushier" part of the tree than x2, x2 is "lower" than x3, etc.; skipping a place thus means that there is one or more known-and-unspecified levels of hierarchy between the two); not limited to Linnean animal/plant taxonomy]; (cf. klesi, lanzu)

juxre [jux] clumsy

x1 (action) is clumsy/awkward by standard x2
(cf. sluji, muvdu)

jvinu [vin ji'u] view

x1 is the view/scene/panorama/sight/prospect of x2 (object/location) from point-of-view x3
[also x1 is on display to x2/x3]; (cf. catlu, kanla, viska, canko, jarco)

ka [kam] property abstract

abstractor: property/quality abstractor (-ness); x1 is quality/property exhibited by [bridi]
(cf. ckaji)

kabri [] cup

x1 is a cup/glass/tumbler/mug/vessel/[bowl] containing contents x2, and of material x3
[a kabri is normally eaten from by lifting it; a palta is not]; (cf. palta, citka, blaci, tansi)

kacma [] camera

x1 is a camera/photographic equipment recording illumination type x2 images to medium x3
(cf. lenjo)

kadno [] Canadian

x1 reflects Canadian culture/nationality in aspect x2
(cf. bemro, glico)

kafke [] cough

x1 coughs/farts/burps up/out x2 [predominantly gaseous] from orifice x3
(cf. bilma, senci, sputu, vamtu)

kagni [kag] company

x1 is a company/corporation/firm/partnership chartered by authority x2 for purpose x3
[also enterprise/organization (if chartered)]; (cf. kansa, kamni, banxa, bende)

kajde [jde] warn

x1 (event/experience) warns/cautions x2 (person) of/about danger x3 (event/state/property)
[agentive warning (= jdegau, jdezu'e); an attempt to warn which may not succeed (= jdetoi, jdegautoi, jdezuktoi)]; (cf. ckape, nupre, snura, tcica, xlura)

kajna [] shelf

x1 is a shelf/counter/bar in/on/attached to supporting object x2, for purpose x3
(cf. balni)

kakne [ka'e] able

x1 is able to do/be/capable of doing/being x2 (event/state) under conditions x3 (event/state)
[also: has talent; know how to; know how to use (= plika'e)]; (cf. stati, certu, gasnu (in the time-free potential sense), cmavo list ka'e, cmavo list nu'o, cmavo list pu'i, djuno, zifre)

kakpa [] dig

x1 (agent) digs x2 [material] up/out of x3 [source/hole] with limbs/tool(s) x4
[also x1 cuts into x3 (with material removal)]; (cf. katna, plixa, sraku, canpa, sraku)

kalci [] feces

x1 is a/the feces/excrement/dung/shit of x2 (animal/person); (adjective:) x1 is fecal (matter)
[also crap]; (cf. ganxo, pinca, vikmi, mabla, festi)

kalri [kar] open

x1 (portal/passage/entrance-way) is open/ajar/not shut permitting passage/access to x2 by x3
[as a doorway]; (cf. ganlo, pagre, canko, vorme)

kalsa [kas] chaotic

x1 is chaotic/disordered in property/aspect x2 (ka)
(cf. cunso, cnici)

kalte [kat] hunt

x1 hunts/stalks prey/quarry/game x2 for purpose x3
[also verb: to fish (= fipkalte)]; (cf. jersi, kavbu, sisku, rivbi)

kamju [] column

x1 is a column/pillar of material x2
[spine (= bogykamju), vertebra (= kamjybo'u)]; (cf. ckana, garna, sanli, slanu)

kamni [] committee

x1 (mass) is a committee with task/purpose x2 of body x3
[board of directors/trustees/cabinet (= trukamni, gritrukamni)] (cf. bende, kagni)

kampu [kau] common

x1 (property - ka) is common/general/universal among members of set x2 (complete set)
(cf. cafne, rirci, fadni, cnano, tcaci, lakne, cmima, simxu)

kanba [] goat

x1 is a goat/angora/[billy-goat/kid] of species/breed x2
(cf. lanme, sunla)

kancu [kac] count

x1 (agent) counts the number in set x2 to be x3 [number/count] counting [off] by units x4
(x2 is complete set); (cf. kanji, satci, merli)

kandi [kad] dim

x1 is dim/dull/pale/non-intense in property x2 (ka) as received/measured by observer x3
[in colors, indicates unsaturated, pastel, pale (though blabi can also indicate a kind of paleness)]; (cf. blabi, carmi, klina, linto, manku, murse, ruble, skari, milxe, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, grusi, narju, nukni, pelxu, xekri, xunre, zirpu)

kanji [kaj] calculate

x1 calculates/reckons/computes x2 [value (ni)/state] from data x3 by process x4
(cf. kancu, jdice, skami)

kanla [kal] eye

x1 is a/the eye [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: sensory apparatus]; (adjective:) x1 is ocular
[x1 is optic]; (cf. jvinu, kerlo, viska, kumte)

kanro [ka'o] healthy

x1 is healthy/fit/well/in good health by standard x2
(cf. bilma, mikce)

kansa [kan] with

x1 is with/accompanies/is a companion of x2, in state/condition/enterprise x3 (event/state)
[x1 is together with/along with x2] (cf. kagni, jorne, gunma, girzu, lasna)

kantu [ka'u] quantum

x1 is a quantum/ray/elementary particle/smallest measurable increment of property/activity x2
[quantum ray (= bonka'u)]; (cf. selci for masses and most objects; ratni, gradu, gusni, nejni, linji)

kanxe [kax] conjunction

x1 is a conjunction, stating that x2 (du'u) and x3 (du'u) are both true
(cf. vlina)

karbi [kab] compare

x1 [observer] compares x2 with x3 in property x4 (ka), determining comparison x5 (state)
(cf. klani, mapti, sarxe, zmadu, mleca, dunli)

karce [] car

x1 is a car/automobile/truck/van [a wheeled motor vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3
(cf. carce, xislu, marce, sabnu)

karda [] card

x1 is a card [small nearly-2-dimensional shape/form] of material x2, shape x3
(x3 shape default rectangular); (cf. matci, tapla, plita)

kargu [] costly

x1 (object/commodity/property/event) is costly/expensive/dear to x2 by standard x3
[x1 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= poskargu for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. vamji, dirba, vajni, jdima, pleji, canja, jerna, jinga, jemna, sfasa, vecnu)

karli [] collar

x1 is a collar/ring/belt/band around/surrounding x2 made of material x3
[also sphincter]; (cf. sruri, djine)

karni [] journal

x1 is a journal/periodical/magazine/[newspaper] with content x2 published by x3 for audience x4
[x2 may be a subject, but not all journals have a single subject; all have some sort of principle defining what is included, so this need not be a list]; (cf. papri, pelji, tcidu)

katna [ka'a] cut

x1 (tool/blade/force) cuts [through]/splits/divides x2 (object) into pieces x3
[for x1 force, it is a force acting as a blade, not acting upon a blade; agentive cutting (= ka'argau, ka'arzu'e)]; (cf. kakpa, sraku for cutting into without division; plixa, dakfu, jinci, porpi, spofu, tunta, xrani, fatri, fendi, balre, dilcu)

kavbu [kav] capture

x1 captures/catches/apprehends/seizes/nabs x2 with trap/restraint x3
[catch something thrown (= rerkavbu)]; (cf. jersi, kalte, pinfu, sisku, se rinju)

ke [kem] start grouping

start grouping of tanru, etc; ... type of ... ; overrides normal tanru left grouping
(cf. cmavo list ke'e)

ke'e [kep ke'e] end grouping

elidable terminator: end of tanru left grouping override (usually elidable)
(cf. cmavo list ke)

kecti [kec ke'i] pity

x1 (person) pities/feels sorry for x2 (person) about x3 (abstraction)
(cf. cinmo, xendo)

kei [kez] end abstraction

elidable terminator: end abstraction bridi (often elidable)

kelci [kel kei] play

x1 [agent] plays with plaything/toy x2
[play game (= ci'erkei), play competitively (= jvikei)]; (cf. jivna, jinga, zdile)

kelvo [ke'o] kelvin

x1 is x2 degree(s) Kelvin [metric unit] in temperature (default is 1) by standard x3
(cf. gradu, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro)

kenra [ken] cancer

x1 is a cancer [malignant disease] in x2
(cf. bilma, mikce, spita)

kensa [kes] outer space

x1 is outer space near/associated with celestial body/region x2
(cf. canlu, munje, terdi, tsani)

kerfa [kre] hair

x1 is a/the hair/fur [body-part] of x2 at body location x3
(cf. skapi, sunla, pimlu)

kerlo [ker] ear

x1 is a/the ear [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: sensory apparatus, information gathering]
[(adjective:) x1 is aural]; (cf. kanla, savru, smaji, tirna, ractu)

ketco [ket tco] South American

x1 reflects South American culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2
(cf. merko, xispo, brazo, gento, spano)

kevna [kev ke'a] cavity

x1 is a cavity/hole/hollow/cavern in x2; x1 is concave within x2; x2 is hollow at locus x1
[also pit, depression, concavity; hollow (= selke'a)]; (cf. fenra, kunti, canlu, canko, galxe, tubnu)

kicne [kic ki'e] cushion

x1 cushions x2 with material x3; x1 is a cushion/pillow/pad [for x2] of padding material x3
(cf. ckana, matci)

kijno [kij] oxygen

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of oxygen (O); [metaphor: supporting life/combustion]
(cf. jelca, vacri, vasxu)

kilto [ki'o] 1000

x1 is a thousand [1000; 1x10**3] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units)
(cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro, minli)

kinli [kil] sharp

x1 is sharp/keen at locus x2
(cf. balre, dakfu, jesni)

kisto [kis] Pakistani

x1 reflects Pakistani/Pashto culture/nationality/language in aspect x2
(cf. xurdo)

klaji [laj] street

x1 is a street/avenue/lane/drive/cul-de-sac/way/alley/[road] at x2 accessing x3
[also corridor; not typically a route between points, but offers access to sites along it]; (cf. naxle, panka, pluta, dargu)

klaku [kak] weep

x1 weeps/cries tears x2 about/for reason x3 (event/state)
(cf. badri, krixa)

klama [kla] come

x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 using means/vehicle x5
[also travels, journeys, moves, leaves to ... from ...; x1 is a traveller; (x4 as a set includes points at least sufficient to constrain the route relevantly)]; (cf. cadzu, bajra, marce, vofli, litru, muvdu, cpare, cmavo list ka'a, pluta, bevri, farlu, limna, vitke)

klani [lai] quantity

x1 is a quantity quantified/measured/enumerated by x2 (quantifier) on scale x3 (si'o)
[also count]; (cf. cmavo list la'u, namcu)

klesi [kle lei] class

x1 (mass/si'o) is a class/category/subgroup/subset within x2 with defining property x3 (ka)
[also type, kind, classification, species, genus, family, order, phylum]; (cf. cmavo list le'a, cmima, jutsi, ciste, girzu, lanzu, vrici)

klina [kli] clear

x1 (object/medium) is clear/transparent/without obstacle to in-the-clear x2 [transmission]
[also lucid; x2 remains apparent/lucid/clear (figurative use for 'understandable' is discouraged, better expressed as = filseljmi)]; (cf. kandi, zunti - nalzu'i is better for 'unhindered')

kliru [] chlorine

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of halogen of type x2 [chlorine, fluorine, iodine, etc.]
[also bromine; default chlorine] (cf. xukmi)

kliti [kit] clay

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of clay [moist, clammy dirt] of composition including x2
(cf. dertu, pesxu, staku)

klupe [lup lu'e] screw

x1 is a screw [fastener] for purpose x2, threads [pitch, material] x3, frame [size, material] x4
[also bolt]; (cf. korcu, sarlu, tutci)

kluza [luz] loose

x1 (obj.) is loose/bloused/not tight on x2 (obj.) at locus x3
(cf. tagji, trati, rinju)

kobli [kob ko'i] cabbage

x1 is a quantity of cabbage/lettuce/leafy vegetable of species/strain x2
(cf. stagi)

kojna [koj ko'a] corner

x1 is a corner/point/at-least-3-dimensional [solid] angle [shape/form] in/on x2, of material x3
[also apex; a corner exists on three dimensions but need not be limited to points; it suggests a discontinuity in slope in some direction; i.e. in some planar cross-section]; (cf. jipno, konju, bliku, fanmo, jganu, krasi)

kolme [kol ko'e] coal

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of coal/peat/anthracite/bituminous from source x2
(cf. tabno, tarla)

komcu [kom] comb

x1 is a comb [many-needled shape] of material x2 with tines/needles x3
(cf. julne, forca, burcu)

konju [kon ko'u] cone

x1 is a cone [shape/form] of material x2 with vertex x3
[also ellipse, ellipsoid (= konclupa)]; (cf. jesni, djine, sovda, kojna, jganu)

korbi [kor koi] edge

x1 is an edge/margin/border/curb/boundary of x2 next-to/bordering-on x3
(cf. cmavo list koi, greku, mlana, jimte, ctebi, bartu)

korcu [kro] bent

(adjective:) x1 is bent/crooked/not straight or direct/[twisted]/folded
(cf. cinje, klupe, kruvi, polje, sarlu, sirji, bargu, genxu)

korka [kok] cork

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of cork/bark from tree/species x2; [material]
(cf. tricu, calku, skapi, stagi)

kosta [kos] coat

x1 is a coat/jacket/sweater/cloak/[cape/shawl/pullover] [extra outer garment] of material x2
(cf. pastu, sunla, taxfu)

kramu [] acre

x1 is x2 local area unit(s) [non-metric] (default 1) by standard x3, x4 subunits
(additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. rupnu, fepni, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, bunda)

krasi [kra] source

x1 (site/event) is a source/start/beginning/origin of x2 (object/event/process)
[also root (figurative sense); (adjective:) x1 is initial]; (cf. fanmo, cmavo list ra'i, sabji, cfari, jipno, traji, kojna, genja, jicmu, sitna, jinto)

krati [ka'i] represent

x1 represents/is an agent/proxy/stands-in for [absent] x2 in matter(s)/function(s) x3
[also: on behalf of]; (cf. cmavo list ka'i, jansu, catni, vipsi, pulji)

krefu [ref ke'u] recur

x1 (event) is the x3'rd recurrence/repetition of x2 (abstract); x2 happens again in [form] x1
[also case, another, instance, different, other, time, occasion]; (cf. fukpi, rapli, cafne, fasnu, xruti)

krici [kri] believe

x1 believes [without evidence/proof] belief/creed x2 (du'u) is true/assumed about subject x3
["without evidence" refers to objective external evidence; also gives credence, has conviction]; (cf. censa, cevni, lijda, makfa, malsi, senpi, birti)

krili [] crystal

x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of crystal of composition x2 in form/arrangement x3
[x2: composition including x2, which need not be complete specification]; (cf. jemna, bisli)

krinu [rin ki'u] reason

x1 (event/state) is a reason/justification/explanation for/causing/permitting x2 (event/state)
(cf. ciksi, rinka, nibli, mukti, se jalge, te zukte, cmavo list ki'u, bapli)

krixa [kix ki'a] cry out

x1 cries out/yells/howls sound x2; x1 is a crier
(cf. klaku, bacru)

kruca [kuc] intersect

x1 intersects/crosses/traverses x2 at locus x3
(cf. cripu, ragve)

kruji [ruj] cream

x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of cream/emulsion/puree [consistency] of composition x2
[x2: composition including x2, which need not be complete specification]]; (cf. ladru, matne)

kruvi [ruv kru] curve

x1 is a curve/turn/bend in x2, at locus x3, and defined by set of points/properties x4
[(adjective:) x1 is curved; (x4 as a set of points is sufficiently specified to identify the relevant properties of the bend)]; (cf. korcu, bargu, genxu, linji, sirji)

ku'a [kuz] intersection

non-logical connective: intersection of sets

kubli [kub] cube

x1 is a cube/regular polyhedron/polygon of dimensions x2 (def. 3), surfaces/sides x3 (def. 6)
(cf. kurfa - needed for 'cube', bliku for a physical object; tanbo, tapla, tarmi)

kucli [] curious

x1 is curious/wonders about/is interested in/[inquisitive about] x2 (object/abstract)
[inquisitive (= retkucli)